台灣時間銀行實施經驗之探索性研究：社會網絡分析的觀點

Exploratory study on the implementation of Time Banking in Taiwan: Perspectives from Social Network

近年來，隨著志願服務風氣的興起，越來越多國家投入時間銀行的運作行列；以服務交換為核心內涵的時間銀行，除了強調互惠、互助等原則外，更試圖藉此建構、擴張社會網絡。我國自1995年推行時間銀行至今，歷經社區組織、社會福利團體與公部門等不同單位的推行已有22年，雖非廣泛推動卻也未曾間斷。另方面，隨著網絡關係逐漸受到重視，社會網絡分析法遂成為近年常用以探悉網絡型態的研究方法。然而，過往國內時間銀行相關研究，多著重於理論探討或影響參與者投入因素，較少研究從網絡關係角度探討實施經驗。研究目的及方法：本文以社會網絡分析法，探究八個社區時間銀行實施經驗及網絡關係與型態。研究結果：隨著各社區時間銀行推行時間的差異，服務交換的總時數也有所不同。社會網絡分析資料顯示，多數社區網絡程度中心性或中介中心性指標人物，多由時間銀行媒合者、社區幹部或志工所扮演；不僅如此，有些社區的服務交換，呈現單向互動的狀況，也就是僅提供或接受服務。在服務交換類型方面，多數社區以工具性支持為主；在網絡集中化程度方面，多數社區未出現高度集中化的趨勢。研究建議：本文藉由社會網絡運用優勢、媒合者角色、工具性支持及服務交換登載方式等面向相關討論的分析，提出若干建議，包含持續推廣時間銀行概念、簡化服務交換紀錄登載方式以及發掘社區有形資本等建議，作為後續研究參考。

Time Banking was designed in the 1980s aiming to focus not only on reciprocity during the process of services exchanges but also on attempts to build and expand the social network within a community. Since 1995, passing twenty-two years, although less extensively, Time Banking has been continually implemented in Taiwan by non-profit organizations and the public sector. An increasing number of scholars became interested in studies on the social network, and Social Network Analysis (SNA) has now become the most common method to analyze the type and relationship of a network. However, the existing literature related to Time Banking in Taiwan mostly focuses on concepts and theories or factors influencing participants involved rather than exploring the network relationships. Therefore, this article used SNA to explore the experience of implementing Time Banking and the network relationships it fostered within eight communities in Taiwan. The results show that the total hours of services exchanges within each community were varied due to differences in the period for which Time Banking was implemented. The quantitative data revealed that, for the degree centrality or betweenness centrality the time broker, community leaders or volunteers were key persons within most communities. Moreover, the direction of services exchange in some communities was found to be more one-way than reciprocal. In other words, most community residents only received or provided services. Regarding the type of service exchanges, most belonged in the category of instrumental support. For the centralization, most networks were decentralized rather than over-centralized. Based on above, the following were discussed: the strength of using SNA, the role of Time Banking brokers, the meaning of instrumental support, and the manners in which services exchanges were documented.