戰爭的道德規範：以《荀子‧議兵》為核心之探討

Xunzi's Thoughts on Just War An Investigation of ＂On Military＂

本研究之目的在於嘗試將〈荀子〉關於義戰的論述建構出系統性的理論，主要發現如下：首先，於〈荀子〉書中正當防衛的觀念並不適用於弱小的仁義之國，一個政治共同體只有在其具備優勢力量，同時公民自願性的服從其政治權威時才可以向暴虐之國發動戰爭。其次，在荀子的相關論述中，也可以找到關於區別原則與比例原則這些戰時正義的實際主張。最後，戰後政治秩序的恢復與穩定也是荀子關心的主要內容，此即當前所謂的戰後正義的問題。如果要有一個貫穿這些議題的核心觀念，那將會是儒家思想的核心觀念，也就是道德政治。或許我們也可以這麼說，在荀子的思想中，缺乏政治指引下的戰爭是盲目的，缺乏道德規約下的政治是暴虐的。

This research aims to construct a theory of just war from the writings of Xunzi. The key findings are discussed. First, Xunzi did not apply the concepts of justifiable defense or justice of war to countries that were considered weak when it comes to righteousness. A country cannot initiate a war against a tyrannical state unless it is powerful and its citizens voluntarily comply to political authority. In addition, the principles of differentiation and proportionality are found in Xunzi, both of which are notions about justice in war. Finally, the restoration of political order and stability, which is an issue of justice after war, also appears in Xunzi. In my view, the doctrine of politics is the key component that links all of the aforementioned concepts (justice of war, justice in war, and justice after war) together. In other words, a war without political direction is blind, and politics without moral regulation is brutal.