僧肇哲學論述中「狂言」之研究兼論其思想史上的意義

A study of“kuang-yen”in the discourse of Seng-chao's philosophy

過去論者多推崇王弼「忘言忘象以得意」的言意理論是建立玄學體系的新思維、新方法，對於僧肇的「狂言」卻未能加以重視。僧肇在東晉的般若學中，號曰「解空第一」，此重大學術成就乃是奠基於其「狂言」上。「狂言」代表一種跳脫邏輯性概念的特殊語言，能不拘執於名相舊有的意蘊，開展無窮盡的釋義空間。其表現形式包括以遮詮為主的論述方法，以及充滿詭辭色彩的雙遣、雙存法。「狂言」往往呈顯語義的矛盾性，以迫使讀者擺脫語義內容的束縛，進而推測語義內容以外的信息。突破語言形制的「狂言」，由於不沾著於形名，改以層層遮撥、不著不捨的論述方式，反而能夠逼顯不落名相的究極真理，補救語言文字在表述真理時所遭逢的困境。「狂言」弔詭的語言形式與中觀學派蕩相遣執的妙理若合符契，僧肇從主要命題的建立，到單一語句之敘述，皆採取「狂言」的語言形式，使得語言不僅是承載學說的工具，語言本身在形式上即可展現哲學的精義。故而僧肇「狂言」說不僅對於佛學義理的深化有著卓越的貢獻，同時在語言學上也具有非凡的意義與價值。

Many researchers esteemed Wang-Bi's theory about “forget the language and phenomenon in order to acquire the meaning” was the new method for establishing a metaphysics system. But few of these researchers paid adequate attention to Seng-chao's “kuang-yen” theory.Among the East Jin's scholars of prajna theory, Seng-chao was admired as “the best researcher to interpret sunya”. Seng-chao's achievement was based upon his unique theory of “kuang-yen”. “kuang-yen” is a special language which skips logicality and develops a infinite possibility of explanation. The expressive forms of “kuang-yen” include the demonstrative method “opposite definition” and the paradoxical methods of “dual exclusion” and “dual inclusion”. “kuang-yen” always appears to be confrontational semantically, so as to compel the reader to shake off the restriction of semantic content, and to conjecture the information besides the semantic content. Because the “kuang-yen” breaks through the form and model of language so it could completely display the utmost truths and compensate the limitedness of language when expressing truth. In fact, the paradoxical language form of “kuang-yen” has some delicate similarities with the Madhyamica's subtle theory of “dissipate the phenomenon and eliminate the persistence”. Seng-chao always used the “kuang-yen” as a language form to establish main propositions or narrate a single sentence. Therefore, as well as being a vehicle bearing theories, language itself could display the essence of philosophy through its form. So Seng-chao 's “kuang-yen” theory not only contributed to the deepening of Buddhism philosophy, but also had extraordinary linguistic meaning and value.