盛清諸帝賜御書福字及其活動

Luck (Fu) for New Year- Imperial Writing and Granting of Luck in the Flourishing Ching Dynasty

《國朝宮史》載，清帝於每年冬月封印之後，親書福字，賜內外大臣，藉此錫福諸臣、籠絡士庶進而錫福蒼生，是為統御臣民的手段或治理國家的期盼，這是清代特有的儀典和政治活動，並明載於制度。據清代文集的記載，康熙帝曾以御書福字賞賜近臣與外任官，作為特別恩賞，藉此獎勵有功之臣；雍正帝把歲末年初賞賜福字定為慣例，同時利用遍賜福字的機會，訓諭官員，加強統御臣工；乾隆帝則敬尊家法，不但要求子孫萬年法守，甚至將它賞給屬國與民間，表達對屬國的問候與澤福蒼生之意。本文藉由《康熙起居注》、《各作成做活計清檔》、《宮中檔雍正朝奏摺》、《宮中檔乾隆朝奏摺》、傳教士書信與清人筆記等相關記載，析論清代頒賜御書福字的起源，並進一步探討盛清諸帝對於御書福字的態度，賞賜福字的觀點、習慣和特殊意義。

The national imperial history states that the Ching Emperors used to write the character of luck (Fu) in person and grant it to all ministers after the last winter month as to grant luck to all ministers and win over the literati and common people and further to grant luck to all creatures which represents the means to control over the ministers and civilians and the expectation to govern the state. This is a unique ritual and political activity written in the system in Ching Dynasty. According to the Ching literature, Emperor Kang Xi used to grant the imperial writing of Fu to the sincere ministers and commissioned officials as the special grace to encourage the ministers with merits. Emperor Yung Cheng took the year-end granting of Fu as the routine and employed this opportunity to discipline and enhance the control over the ministers and officials in the meantime. Emperor Chien Lung respected the law and demanded the law-obedience of the offspring and granted it to the affiliated states and the civilians as to express the greeting to the affiliated states and granting luck to all creatures. This paper analyzes the origin of the imperial granting of Fu in the Ching Dynasty and further inquires the attitude, perspectives, habits and specific significance of the Emperors of the flourishing Ching Dynasty to imperial writing and granting of Fu via the relevant records in Kang Xi Life Book, Ge Zhuo Cheng Zhuo Hou Ji Ching Dang (File), Palace File of Yung Cheng's Imperial Letters, missioners' letters and civil notes.