試論連用形名詞與漢語名詞——以「定め」和「運命」的關係為例

A Discussion on the Nominalized Verbs and the Nouns From Chinese: 「定め(sadame)」「運命(unnmei)」used as an Example

日語的和語名詞中，從動詞轉變而來的名詞（本稿稱為「連用形名詞」）為數不少，這可算是和語名詞體系裡的一個特色。例如：「定め」和「運命」、「望み」和「希望」等，都是連用形名詞與漢語名詞的近似詞。本稿以「定め」和「運命」為研究對象，從時代的轉變中來探討其語義及用法的演變，以探究兩者之間的關係。考察時除了利用辭典來佐證其意義及用法外，同時也從日本的演歌歌詞和報紙以及網路的檢索中，舉出實際的用例，來說明日語中原來就存在的「定め」和從中國傳入的「運命」這兩者的關係。考察結果發現，「定め」和「運命」在江戶時代之前，都有各自的語義和用法，進入明治時期兩者之間才開始有意義上的結合。但是，在現代日語中「定め」和「運命」還是有著不同的意義和用法。

There are many words derived from verbs. (In this disscussion they are called rennyoukei nouns.) This is one of the special features of Japanese Noun system. For example, these are synonyms between rennyoukei- nouns and nouns from Chinese：「定め (sadame)」and 「運命（unnmei）」、「望み（nozomi）」and 「希望（kibou）」and so on.This paper studies「定め」and「運命」, studying the meanings and usage in different times and ages, and the relations between the two. When doing the research, the researcher uses the dictionary to consult the meanings and usage. At the same time, she also uses Japanese songs, newspapers and Internet to broaden her research, and finds real examples in real life. The examples are used to illustrate the relationship between 「定め」, which exists in Japanese originally and 「運命」, which came from China.The research discovers that before Edo period, the two had distinctive meanings and different usages. They started to mix when entering the Meiji period. But in Modem Japanese, they still have different meanings and usage.