日中兩語被動句比較研究——以川端康成『千羽鶴』原文與中譯為對象

Comparative Study of Passive Voice between Chinese and Japanese: An Analysis on Yasunari Kawabata’s Thousand Cranes

本文以川端康成的『千羽鶴』及其中文翻譯本為研究對象，藉以分析兩國語文中被動語態的差異情況。日文的被動語態明顯多於中文，且在翻譯過程中，兩者之間通常無法逕行轉換。透過『千羽鶴』中日文本的實地比較分析，筆者發現日中皆使用被動句的僅有40句。導致兩國語文中被動句數量差異的主要原因為下列三點：（1）日文的被動句中文通常譯成「自然被動句」（2）日文的特性是「說話者必須從自己的視點來陳述事情，不能從他人的視點來陳述」（久野1978），然而中國語並無此等規則。（3）日文為使前句後的主語一致，後句的動作通常以被動語態呈現。

Passive sentences in Japanese are larger in quantity than those in Chinese. While only part of these passive sentences can be mutually translated, a lot more of them cannot be directly replaced.By analyzing passive sentences in Yasunari Kawabata’s Thousand Cranes and its translated Chinese version, one can find there are 99 passive sentences and 75 ones in Japanese and Chinese respectively. Among these passive sentences only 40 of them are both in passive voice. Judging from the analysis, the main causes for the difference in quantity of passive sentences between Japanese and Chinese can be concluded as follows:1. Passive sentences in Japanese are translated into semantic passive sentences.2. Japanese is a language that “a speaker has to narrate not from other person’s perspective but from his or her own point of view” Kuno (1978). However, there is no such rule in Chinese.3. In Japanese language, the subject of the previous sentence should be in accord with that of the following one. Therefore, the action done by another actor has to be changed into passive voice.