司馬遷賦論與賦作的歷史地位──以士人使命、文學本質及其頡頏為詮釋據點

The position of SiMaQian’s Fu creation and Fu commentaries in history ─Take the mission of intellectuals, the essence of literature and their contention as basic points for discussion

司馬遷賦作今僅存孤篇〈悲士不遇賦〉，其賦論則散見於《史記》中以〈屈原賈生列傳〉及〈司馬相如列傳〉為主的諸傳志。在賦史和賦論史上，司馬遷的賦作和賦論無疑既特殊又具有承先啟後的意義，為其後繼者的創作與批評帶來啟迪也構成侷限，本文擬依士人使命、文學本質以及此二者間的本末頡頏為據點，以詮釋司馬遷賦作與賦論的歷史地位。在論述的理路上，本文首先概述漢代賦作與賦論兩造間圍繞著士人使命和文學本質的價值所展開的觀念拉鋸，而司馬遷在這場長久的拉鋸中扮演了先導性角色；其次簡介司馬遷儒者的思想底蘊及史臣的人生志業，如何影響其作為一個賦家的創作心境和批評理念；其次探討司馬遷的賦論如何揭橥了士人使命與文學本質的本末議題。此又分兩部份以論：〈屈原賈生列傳〉在士人「志─命─文」對應關係的建構和詮釋中，蘊含了司馬遷三項以表述並成就士人政治教化使命為核心的重要賦觀；而〈司馬相如列傳〉 則是以否定的態度揭示了賦作的文學特徵及審美的感化力量，斯為司馬遷第四項賦觀。其次分析司馬遷〈悲士不遇賦〉的沿革，以其在屈騷舊體和「士不遇」舊題之中，另行開顯出漢代無法藉由「天下有道則見」的傳統邏輯而獲得圓滿解釋的「盛世遺賢」之情。最後略及繼司馬遷之後，士人使命和文學本質兩命題在漢代賦論界中的後續頡頏，以觀乎司馬遷批評理念的影響與變遷。

SiMaQian's Fu pieces now remaining ”Fu of Bei Shi Bu Yu” barely, and his commentaries on Fu scattered principally among the biographies of QuYuan, JiaSheng and SiMaXiangRu in ”Shi Ji”. In either the history of Fu creation or Fu critique, SiMaQian's works are undoubtedly unique as well as carrying on the past and opening a way for future, had not only enlightened but also confined the later writers and critics. This article takes the mission of intellectuals, the essence of literature and the contention as well as contradiction between two formers as basic points, so as to expound the place of SiMaQian's Fu piece and commentaries in history. Regarding the procedure of discussion, this article firstly summarizes the notional conflict which centered on the merits of intellectuals’ mission and essence of literature between Fu creation and critique during Han dynasty, SiMaQian had played a pioneering role in this long-term conflict. Secondly, this article briefly introduces SiMaQian's inner thought as a Confucianist and his ambition to be a historian, and how had these factors influenced his mental state of writing and critical convictions of Fu. Thirdly, this article probes into how SiManQian's commentaries on Fu had brought up the contension to be the fundamental or incidental that occurred between the mission of intellectuals and the essence of literature. This part is divided into two sections: a corresponding relationship among aspiration, fortune and writing that set up in ”Biography of QuYuan and JiaSheng”, had comprehended SiMaQian's three important viewpoints about Fu, which aimed at the expression and accomplishment of political and educational mission of intellectuals. Besides, based on a negative attitude, ”Biography of SiMaXiangRu” had revealed the literary features and the influential power of beauty of Fu, this was SiMaQian's fourth viewpoint upon Fu. Fourthly, this article analyzes the inheritance and change of ”Fu of Bei Shi Bu Yu”, though this Fu followed the former ”QuSao” form and ”Shi Bu Yu” subject, it had expanded a new affection concerning with those able and virtuous intellectuals who unemployed in times of peace and prosperity, this specific phenomenon of Han dynasy could not be perfectly explained by a traditional logic that called ”Serve the government when the world have returned to order”. Ultimately, this article simply describes the follow-up contention between the mission of intellectuals and the essence of literature within the circle of Han Fu critique after SiMaQian, in order to present the effect of and transition from SiMaQian's Fu commentaries.