朱熹註《孟子》歷史脈絡之探賾

Seek the Chu His’s history interpretation of “The Mencius”

縱觀中國經學的演繹，奠基在聖哲語錄與成德士儒互動上展開，做為「經典」的傳統一方面做為價值思想的源生，啟發修德治身之典範；另一方面，企慕聖賢的經典解釋者，在優入聖域潛心揅所的勉志上，也透露了自身稟志的生命體驗。因此，做為經典註疏的詮釋活動，便成為迥向身心實踐的為己之學，注入經典不竭的豐盈意涵。細繹經學的發展歷史，宋代經學是孟學發展史上承先啟後的重要關鍵，既繼往「漢學」舊風又下開「宋學」新風，由子部推尊入「經部」，不僅說明《孟子》經典地位的升格，也突顯出孟學在歷史上的重要性。南宋‧朱熹便是立足此交織共生的氛圍下，黽勉為志展開儒學《四書》集大成的詮釋大業。本文立基於朱熹歷史脈絡之探賾，以宋代經學和孟子升格發展歷史作對照，推溯時代變革影響其理學註孟之因，造成何以註孟以道統為尊，傳承經學志業，重張儒學大旗回應佛、老挑戰，遂以此關懷點做為論述進路。茲此，擬以二節分析：首先，即就朱何以建構《四書》系統取代《五經》核心，提出歷史脈絡探源其道統傳承。其次，揭櫫詮釋方法，扭轉隋、唐經傳箋注，融併漢學、宋學解釋治經，通經明理以展開理學新孟學，表彰《大學》、《中庸》、推尊《孟子》、《論語》開啟後百年孟學發展歷史高峰，確立經學史上孟子屹立不搖正統地位。除此，還原其詮釋立場，詮釋方法，本文也將援引西方詮釋學理論做為參照對比，試能予上述課題提出解釋，諸此皆為本文討論之所要。

The interpretation of ”The Mencius” by Chu Hsi is to make a comprehensive survey to the deduction of Chinese Classics. It base on quotation of sage and expanding from great virtue Confucian scholar interaction, to be a traditional classics, and to be a source of authority values. It edifies a moral conduct and forbearing pattern. On the other side, it adore classical comment of sages and the virtuous. To disturb the divine region, Chu Hsi devote himself encouragement also disclose his life experience and ideal. Thus, he interpreted a explanatory notes of classics, become to practice self-learning with body and mind, and also to implant the classics with nonstop inner abundant meanings. Interpreting the developing history of Chinese Classics carefully, the Chinese Classics in Song dynasty was an important key point of Mencius study extension. The interpretations started from Chinese Literature-Masters and philosophers (zibu), educed to Chinese Literature-Classics category (jingbu) continued the ancient ”Sinology”, and opened the new ”Song Learning”. It not only explained the elevation of classical position in ”The Mencius”, and also pointed out the importance of the literature in the history. Chu Hsi ( a literary author in the South Song dynasty) was in this environment and climate, therefore determined to collect the great undertaking of interpretations of the ”Four Chinese Confucianism Literature” which is including Classics category (jingbu), Historio-graphical category (shibu), Masters and philosophers (zibu), Anthologies category or ”Belles-lettres” (jibu).The paper is to seek the interpretation of ”The Mencius” which was interpreted by Chu Hsi, also deduce the reason of changes in Confucianism explanatory note by comparing the developing history of ”The Mencius” with the Chinese literature in Song dynasty. Let us not only know that why the Confucianism in Song dynasty is respect to Confucian orthodoxy, and aspire to continue the tradition, but also reply the challenge of Buddhism and Taoism. In this paper intend to analyze the subject by two sections here. First, bring up the origin of Confucianism, and analyze why that Chu Hsi constructed the ”Four Chinese Confucianism Literature” system to replace ”The Five Confucian Classics”. Second, analyze the interpreted method used by Chu Hsi, and tell how he reversed the interpretations from Sui and Tang Dynasty, and how he integrated the Sinology and Song Confucianism to open up a new ”Mencius Learning” history. Chu Hsi respected to ”The Great Learning”, ”The Doctrine of the Mean”, and esteemed ”The Mencius”, ”The Confucius Analects”. The man opened up hundred years of Mencius learning climate, and established an indestructible orthodox position of ”The Mencius” in Confucianism. Thus, the paper restores the interpreted standpoint and methods of Chu Hsi, and compare with the west interpreted theory, also try to advance the explanation in the above-mentioned subject.