國際人權兩公約有關「隱私權」規範在台灣施行的檢討與展望

The issue of implement criterion of the right to privacy in Taiwan under the International Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil and Political Rights

近代憲法基本權的保障範疇，許多基本權皆有國際化之趨勢，例如將人性尊嚴、酷刑的禁止、財產權與工作權皆納入保障。換言之，基本權保障的課題，已經不是一個國家內政而已。
《公民與政治權利國際公約》（International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights）及《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》（ International Covenanton Economic Social and Cultural Rights）（ 以下合稱兩公約）是在1966年12月16日聯合國大會決議通過；1976年1月3日生效。我國則於民國55年12月16日發布兩公約，直至民國98年3月31日經立法院第7屆第3會期第6 次會議審議通過， 民國98 年12 月10 日總統華總一義字第09800285401號令公布，兩公約正式成為我國法律。政府以2年為期，檢討國內法令，以符合兩公約規範，為台灣人權奠定基礎，也使台灣的人權環境邁向世界水準。
同時，民國98年4月22日公布了《公民與政治權利國際公約及經濟社會文化權利國際公約施行法》，該施行法第1條明文指出：「為實施聯合國1966年公民與政治權利國際公約及經濟社會文化權利國際公約，健全我國人權保障體系，特制定本法。」， 同時亦在該施行法第2條明定：「兩公約所揭示保障人權之規定，具有國內法律之效力。」。
我國關於對「隱私權」此一法律概念之探討，較諸歐美各國之發展更顯得短暫，嚴格說來不過是近數十年來之事而已。在此之前，雖有人主張要對於個人隱私權予以保護，但始終未獲重視。直到近年來，社會活動開始變得多樣化，新的法律不停制定修正，「隱私權」保護亦在這波法規大翻修之浪潮中受到重視，並隨著時代之演進，賦予其新的面貌。我國在總統府設立了國家人權諮詢委員會，並於2011年5月發表了〈國家人權報告〉，國家人權報告是以2007年至2011年為人權檢討的主要時段。國家人權報告針對《公民與政治權利國際公約》執行情形提出相關報告，其中有關第17條隱私權保障的部分，只列出相關法令，卻未論及法令與實際執行之落差、當前法令保障不足等面向，對於國家侵犯人民隱私權的問題。
台灣關心隱私權及個人資料保護的非政府組織及學者，根據《公民與政治權利國際公約》第17條的條文及《公民與政治權利國際公約》第16號一般性意見的解釋，並參酌前聯合國反酷刑調查官Manfred Nowak《CCPR COMMENTARY》一書所提供的聯合國人權委員會之案例解釋，檢討台灣有關隱私權侵害的各種政策、法令及事實，於2012年5月提出具體改善建議。職是之故， 隱私權在我國法制發展中，已由模糊不確定的地位，轉而為具有實質內涵保障的基本權利之一。
人權是普世價值，人權的核心領域會隨時代的變遷而有嶄新的課題，但其永恆的人道精神與價值，是民主法治的基礎；從本文引用的資料，足見民間團體及專家學者尚有著諸項檢討，同時本文也提供了近代憲法基本權的保障趨勢。期許台灣政府與各界的努力，能夠獲得國際的肯定；亦期待持續改善台灣隱私權侵害的各種政策、法令及事實。

The range of protection of Constitutional Right has been further improved, including human dignity, inhibition of torture, property right and the right to work etc. In other words, the Constitutional right has no longer the domestic issue.
The United Nations passed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (the two Covenants) on 1966 Dec. 16, it called on all nations to see both treaties as part of a whole, signing and ratifying both together and available on 1976 Jan. 3. In Taiwan, on the other hand, published the two Covenants on 1966 Dec. 16 though, but the available time postponed to 2009 Dec. 10. The government will review the law to conform the two Covenants which establishing the human right foundation.
Meanwhile, the government published the “Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil and Political Rights implements”, the Article 1 has addressed: “in order to implement the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights passed by the United Nations on 1966, and complete the system of human right, the implements has addressed.” As well as the Article 2 claimed: “the criterion addressed in the two Covenants has domestic legal effect.”
The history to investigate the right to privacy in Taiwan is much shorter than European and American. Before the two Covenants have published, there are some people of noble spirit advocate to protect the right to privacy, but it turns out nothing in the end. Recently, the law amended several times given that the social activities become much diversified. The protection of right to privacy was also valued simultaneously, the turn in the direct of human right has refreshed in the century.
The Presidential Office Human Rights Consultative Committee published the national human rights report reviewed the time during 2007 to 2011. The national human rights report focus specifically on the execution process under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the defect of the report is that about article 17 privacy security, there were no discussion or statement described the gap between ideal and reality, insufficient of protection and the invasion comes from the national.
Those people of noble spirit addressed the specific statements to improve the current situation in Taiwan, to review the policy, decrees and facts. Therefore, the right to privacy has turn vague into substance.