簡析英國因應氣候變遷相關政策之近期發展──以新能源政策與立法為中心

Recent Policy Developments in United Kingdom in response to recent climate change - focus on new energy policy and legislation

英國推動再生能源發展有兩大主要目標，其一為希望能夠符合歐盟節能減碳的目標，另一方面也希望藉由發展再生能源去帶動全面的低碳經濟。因此，在2002年政府實行再生能源義務制度（Renewables Obligation Order，RO）以發展再生能源市場，該制度為英國近年來最重要的能源發展重點，主要是明確供電商在其所提供的電力中，必須有一定比例的再生能源電力，再生能源電力的比例由政府每年根據發展目標和再生能源實際發展情況和市場情況確定，如此政府可在較少經費下，快速達到一定成效的再生能源發展。然而該制度在近年來卻因為過度信賴市場機制而面臨挑戰，供電商只願意發展較低成本的再生能源技術和進行大型資源整合的方式，使得技術過度集中而無法全面發展其他再生能源技術，進而無法拉高整體的再生能源目標。相對來說，市場機制的趨向也增加了再生能源投資的風險，使得投資者在融資上變的相對困難，各種再生能源企業在立足點不同下做不公平的競爭。因此，在2010年開始英國政府希望藉由更多可直接見到成效的方式去達到目標以及使再生能源發展更均衡，例如收購價格補貼特定發電（Feed-In-Tariff）優惠等，其成果如何將關係英國整體目標的達成效果，並且該機制打破市場義務方向而給予金錢上補貼，是否會造成英國整體財政赤字更加嚴重，亦是如英國政府所稱的帶動低碳經濟發展，是目前英國發展再生能源面臨到的最大課題。
本文將從全面角度介紹英國近代氣候變遷相關政策，並且以能源法（Energy Act）與RO制度為核心去探討英國近代與未來的新能源發展方向，且檢討英國實行RO制度所產生的各種問題與意見，希望能夠以更全面的角度去了解英國的再生能源發展走向。

UK to promote renewable energy development has two main objectives, one hope to meet EU carbon reduction targets, two hopes to promote development of low-carbon economy. The government to implement renewable energy systems- Renewables 0biligation Order(RO) to develop renewable energy market In 2002, and the system is the most important energy development focus for UK in recent years. RO require the main electricity supplier that had to provide the proportion of renewable energy of electricity .Government development objectives come from the actual development of renewable energy resources and market conditions ,so the government can use lower expenses to develop the renewable energy .
However, the system had a lot of challenges in recent years, because that over reliance on market mechanism. The development of the electricity supplier is only willing to develop the lower cost of renewable energy technology that making the technology fully over-concentration of development, so energy target can not be complete.
Relatively speaking, RO also had increased the risks of investment in renewable energy ,and that make the investors the relative difficulties that let renewable energy companies are unfair competition.
In 2010,UK government wants to let the renewable energy make become more balanced development , so that tried to use Feed-In-Tariff concessions. Feed-In-Tariff give money to electricity supplier that is different of RO system, and that is a lot of change the UK renewable energy market. But it maybe let government finance become difficult , that is UK government development of renewable energy biggest issue.
This paper will introduce a comprehensive point of climate change policies for UK, and it use the Energy Act and RO system as the core to research the new energy development and future direction in UK. This paper want to find RO system variety of problems, and it would like to have a more comprehensive perspective to understand the development of renewable energy in UK.