失業、非典型就業的人口組成與工資率分析

A STUDY ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION ANDWAGE STRUCTURE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND ATYPICAL EMPLOYMENT

本文採用2008 年5 月行政院主計處「人力資源調查」暨附帶之「人力運用調查」的個體資料， 並以「兩階段估計法」估計臺灣勞工的就業機率（失業機率）與工資率，以及就業者從事典型與非典型工作的機率與工資率。研究結果顯示： （1） 人力資本投資、工作身份、曾否退休、性別、婚姻狀態， 以及主要工作場所從事行業等影響勞動供需的因素， 不但是決定工資率的重要變數，同時也是決定個別勞工就業與失業的機率、以及其從事典型或非典型工作之機率的重要變數。（2）雖然無失業者工資的觀察值以估計其工資式， 但本文試圖根據兩階段估計模型設算其「條件工資率」； 設算結果顯示， 全體失業者的平均潛在工資率至多只有就業者的12%。（3） 非典型工作者的工資率並不一定比全職者來的差，但因其工時相對較少，才造成其薪資總所得遠不及於典型就業者； 因此， 這種因工時不足的低度就業問題， 乃成為有關非典型就業的一項重要課題。

Using the data from Taiwan’s 2008 manpower utilization survey, we explore the demographic composition and wage structure of unemployment and atypical employment. The results fromHeckman’s two-step estimation approach can be summarized as follows: (1) A series of demographic characteristics, such as human capital, class of worker, retirement status, sex, marital status, and industry are not only an important component of the wage rate, but also an important element in affecting the probabilities of unemployment among labor force participants as well as atypical employment among the employed. (2) Imputing the wages of the unemployed based on the two-stage estimation model shows that the conditional wages that the unemployed are expected to receive are substantially lower than those that the employees could earn. (3) Since the wage rates of atypical workers generally are not lower than those of typical workers, the reason that the total earnings of atypical workers are lower than those of typical workers can be attributed to the concealed fact that the working hours of atypicalworkers are less than those of typicalworkers, thereby indicating that there is a significant portion of atypical workers are underemployed.