黎貴惇對宋朝朱熹論《書經》思想的評價——通過研究《書經衍義》分析

Le Quy Don’s evaluation on Zhu Xi’s thoughts of Book of Documents (Shujing)─A case study of Interpretation of Book of Documents (Shujing Yanyi)

在十八世紀越南的儒學家當中，黎貴惇著述種類甚多，內容涉及經學、史學、文學、地理、考證學等諸多領域，越南人稱之為博學家。黎貴惇於1772年完成《書經衍義》及序，是在《尚書》58篇正文的基礎上進行論經。這是一本記錄黎貴惇解讀《尚書》的個人心得體會和獨特見解之書，還可視此書為黎貴惇撰寫的一本適用於對儒家經典以及《書經》瞭解到高層次的知識階層的講義，以此深入瞭解該領域，或應用於實際生活和發揚其思想。《書經衍義》提到的內容，包括經文、朱熹的注解、蔡沈的《書集傳》，我們可以斷定黎貴惇是在15世紀以後廣泛流傳於東亞學界的《書經大全》基礎上進行閱讀和衍義《書經》。事實上，朱熹並非專門研究和討論《尚書》，他最出名的治學成果是著作《四書集注》和注釋《詩經》、《易傳》。朱熹只有幾段關於《尚書》的討論散佈在其門人輯錄的《朱子語類》書中。他關注《尚書》體現在他命門徒蔡沈著《書集傳》，也有意見認為朱熹關於《尚書》的討論意見均已集中到蔡沈的著作中，這點可以證明黎貴惇已經仔細研究了《性理大全》，《性理大全》通過在教育和科舉中使用對越南產生了巨大影響。朱熹的重要觀點、理學思想和「道問學」精神備受推崇。黎氏也將朱熹與陸、王對立來討論。從這點，再加上接受顧炎武的考證成就及對「理」觀念或多或少的調整，我們可以發現黎貴惇是受了清朝學術影響的儒學家。他是屬於站出來保衛和維護儒學正統脈絡的群體。這是證明越南儒學經過調整並融入18世紀東亞國家儒學思想轉變的標誌。

Among Vietnamese Confucians in the 18th century, Le Quy Don was a polymath whose writings of many kinds covered various fields such as Confucian classics, history, literature, geography, evidential tudy and so on. In 1772, he completed Interpretation of Book of Documents (Shujing Yanyi), which is based on the 58 articles of Book of Documents (Shujing). This book is a record of Le Quy Don’s personal insights and unique views about Book of Documents and can be seen to be written for teaching high-level intellectuals Confucian classics generally and Book of Documents particularly, thereby studying deeply or applying to real life and promoting its thoughts. Because the content of Interpretation of Book of Documents includes original texts, Zhu Xi’s interpretation and Shen Yue’s Commentary Collection of Book of Documents (Shujizhuan), it can be concluded that Le Quy Don had read and interpreted Book of Documents based on Great Complete Book of Documents (Shujing Daquan) which was widely circulated in East Asian scholarship from the 15th century. In fact, Zhu Xi had not thoroughly studied and discussed Book of Documents. His most famous academic achievement is compiling Commentary Collection of Four Books (Sishu Jizhu) and annotating Book of Poems (Shijing) and Commentary about Book of Changes (Yizhuan). From this point, coupled with Gu Yanwu’s achievements of evidential study and his adjustment of the concept of 'principle' (li), we can find that Le Quy Don was a Confucian influenced by the Qing scholarship. He belonged to the group who came out to defend the Confucian orthodoxy. It is a symbol proving that Confucianism in Vietnam had been adjusted and integrated into the Confucianism in East Asia in the 18th century. Only a few paragraphs of Zhu Xi which discussed Book of Documents were scattered in A Collection of Conversations of Master Zhu (Zhuzi Yulei) compiled by his disciples. Zhu Xi's important viewpoint, thought of Neo-Confucianism and the spirit of 'daowenxue' were highly respected. Le Quy Don also discussed Zhu Xi in a comparative relation with Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. His interest in Book of Documents is reflected in Commentary Collection of Book of Documents by his disciple Cai Shen. It is also said that Zhu Xi’s discussion on Book of Documents are concentrated in Cai Shen’s writing. These proves that Le Quy Don had thoroughly studied A Complete Collection of Philosophical Essays (Xingli Daquan) which had heavily influenced on Vietnam through its use in education and imperial examination.