霍夫斯泰德(Hofstede）之文化構面：對教學之重要性

Cultural dimensions of Hofstede.Importance for Education

本研究主要闡明吉爾特‧霍夫斯泰德（Geert Hofstede）之文化構面，以及探討其理論在教學之重要影響性。一般而言，大眾將霍夫斯泰德之理論應用在國際溝通和企業關係中；但是我們在此文章也將說明他對教學的重要性，並且釋義其理論，使讀者能夠清楚了解後，使用於教育的強化和應用上。雖然霍夫斯泰德在歐洲已是廣為人知的作者，且為重要國際文化研究專家之一，但在台灣除了大學商學院或文化領域以外，較少被其他學術層面所探討，本文章為台灣用西班牙文討論此重要國際文化作家之學術研究之一，期望能引起更多讀者繼續深究並運用在更多元的領域。霍夫斯泰德的文化構面，以往學者們僅多數探索四個，但本文將引用其更新的兩個構面，一共為六個；1. 大／小之權力階級距離。2. 個人主義／集體主義。3. 陽剛（成就）導向／陰柔（關懷）導向。4. 高度／低度之不確定性避免。5. 短期／長期之利益價值導向。6. 寬鬆／抑制的人生。在本論文中，將研讀上述文化構面，並且將之應用在教育和教學層面裡。霍夫斯泰德的理論在超過三十年的應用後，彰顯出非常實用且有效率的國際文化研究成果，可謂在該領域中知名且常被廣泛引用的作品之一。而其重要性，並非僅僅侷限在其理論內容，甚至包含其中的研究方法。本文將不深入評價哪個構面的優缺點，而是根據本文所引用霍夫斯泰德的作品，向讀者闡述研究理論，並且申論於教學應用中。

In this article we will present the “Cultural Dimensions” of Geert Hofstede and its use and influence for teaching and education. Hofstede’s theory is used normally to study international relations in business, but it deals also with education and social relations. Hofstede is a quite well-known author in Europe, and widely cited in the intercultural relations bibliography and research, but it is not very popular in Taiwan except in some courses given in Business colleges. This is one of the Spanish presentation of his theory in an academic investigation in Taiwan, and we hope that it can stimulate more interests in different areas by applying this topic. The cultural dimensions of Hofstede, explained in his book Cultures and organizations. Software of the Mind, are: 1. High–Low Power Distance. 2. Individualism-Collectivism. 3. Masculinity-Femininity. 4. Weak-Strong Uncertainty Avoidance. 5. Long-Short Term Orientation. 6. Indulgence-Restraint. We will study each of these dimensions and make some applications to education. Hofstede’s theory has been very used and useful in the intercultural studies in the last 30 years, and it is widely known in this area of research. Most of the criticism is placed in his methodology rather than in the content and theory. We will not do any critical assessment, but only give a clear and brief presentation of his theories following his books, mentioned in the Bibliography.