當全球科技遇上在地政府與文化：俄羅斯意識形態下的網際網路管制探討

Global Technology Meets Local Government and Culture: a Study of Russian Ideology and Internet Control

俄羅斯網際網路近年來發展快速，自2011 年起網路用戶人數已位居歐洲第一，網路普及不僅使資訊取得多元，也成為人民表達訴求與串連的重要管道。克里姆林宮因此愈趨重視網路的影響力，在既定政治意識形態中，將網際網路納入原有媒體控制的框架當中，制定了嚴格的措施和法規；包括網站黑名單的制定，要求內容供應商合作封鎖特定網站，監控聊天室和上線內容，並促進自我審查。新的資訊科技，雖然促進了俄國民主自由的公民意識，但似乎也同時強化了國家主權的主體性與權力。面對資訊全球化的壓力，促使俄羅斯採取更積極的作為，試圖消弭資訊社會所帶來的風險。從俄羅斯的例子可以得知，網際網路的普及並非意味著威權體制的終結，執政者在促進網路發展帶來經濟效益之餘，同時也不斷推出新的限制，以避免潛在的政治挑戰。

In recent years, Russian Internet has developed rapidly, especially since 2011, the number of internet users has been ranked first in Europe. Internet popularity not only to obtain a diverse information environment, and it also became an important channel for people to express their demands and to connect. Within established political ideology, Kremlin therefore increasingly attached importance to the influence of the network, have found ways to incorporate the Internet media control into existing frameworks, which developed a stringent measures and regulations; including website blacklist formulation, requiring content providers to block specific sites, monitoring chat rooms and on-line content, and promote self-censorship. Although new information technology promoted democracy and freedom of the Russian citizenship, it seems also to strengthen the country's sovereignty and power subjectivity. Faced with the pressures of globalization of information, Russia has adopted more aggressive methods, trying to eliminate the risks arising from the information society. We can learn from the Russian example: the popularity of the Internet does not mean the end of the authoritarian regime, rulers without forgoing their economic interest in an emerging Internet industry, and has introduced restrictions to avoid potential political challenges.