從原型理論探討俄羅斯民族心理的特色

The Features of Russian National Psychology According to the Theories of Archetypes

「心理原型」（psychological archetypes），是瑞士精神分析學家榮格（Carl Gustav Jung）的重要理論之一。榮格認為：在人的潛意識心理中不僅有個人自童年以來的經驗累積，另外還存在著許多原始的、祖先的經驗。由此推論，在人的潛意識當中，顯然有些是人類共通的心理機能與「種族記憶」，它們是先天遺傳的，這也就是榮格所說的「集體潛意識」；簡言之，它們是人類原始祖先記憶的儲存庫，並且會世世代代遺傳下來，又常在不知不覺中影響著我們行為的各種本能與模式。如果把原型作為人類共同心理反應的基礎，那麼它將在適應周遭環境的過程中，不斷地累積千百萬年祖先的經驗而刻烙下來，無形中形成了人的生理本能。就在累積的過程中，這些經驗會隨著生活機能的演進逐漸成為文化的基因；隨後在人面臨相同情境時，會不自覺地產生基本相同的體驗，做出本能的自然反應。後來，許多學者，包括俄國文化理論家德拉奇（Геннадий В. Драч）等人將原型理論應用於民族性格的研究，進一步指出：民族文化的心理因素乃來自於該民族先天基因的遺傳（генотип）以及後天的文化養成。由此可知，民族性格的內涵包括了人的文化原型與民族心理的特徵。關於俄羅斯文化的心理特色，許多學者認為它是源自於俄羅斯的東正教、地理環境與社會關係等因素，也就是說，這些因素的交互影響形塑了俄羅斯民族的性格特徵。本論文擬採用榮格的原型理論，輔以俄國結構主義學者普羅普（В.Я.Пропп）的民間故事型態學，嘗試從斯拉夫神話和俄羅斯民間故事的角色原型，來探討俄羅斯民族心理的特色。

The concept of “psychological archetypes” is one of the important theories of the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. This collective unconscious does not develop individually but is inherited. It consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents. Jung distinguished the collective unconscious from the personal unconscious, in that the personal unconscious is a personal reservoir of experience unique to each individual, while the collective unconscious collects and organized those personal experiences in a similar way with each member of a particular species. Russian cultural theorist G. V. Drach (Геннадий В. Драч) applied Jung's archetypal theories to the study of national character. He believes, that national psychology comes from inherent genetic and the accumulation of national culture. The connotations of national character consist psychological archetypes of human being and national psychological characteristics. Drach also believes that the psychological characteristics of Russian culture are derived from the factors of the Russian Orthodox, geographical environments, social relationship and etc. These factors later also shaped the features of Russian national character. This paper intends to explore Russian national psychological characteristics according to Jung’s theories of archetypes.