近代上海的空氣汙染及其原因探析――以煤煙為中心的考察

An Analysis of Air Pollution in Modern Shanghai and Its Causes: The Case of Soot

空氣汙染問題是中國環境史研究的重要組成部份和難點問題之一。借鑒空氣汙染氣象學研究方法，對近代（1840－1949）上海以煤煙問題為典型案例的分析充分證明：大規模的空氣汙染問題絕非是1949年之後才出現的新產物，而是一個至晚可以追溯至晚清民國年間的「老問題」。無論是對空氣汙染源地理體系的考察，還是對煙塵和二氧化硫排放量的估測，都顯示近代上海的空氣汙染問題已經相當嚴重。巨量礦物能源的消耗是產生空氣汙染的根本原因，而一些人為因素的不合理安排則弱化了吸收、轉化和擴散、稀釋空氣汙染物的能力，使得空氣汙染真正演化為嚴重的區域性環境問題。對近代上海空氣汙染問題進行研究，不但有助於從實證角度揭示某些長期被遮蔽的史實，追溯當今空氣汙染問題的歷史根源，而且對於在學理層面拓展和豐富中國近代環境史的研究內涵及研究方法，同樣具有重要的意義。

The history of air pollution is an important and difficult problem in China's environmental history research. An analysis of typical cases in modern Shanghai (1840-1949) demonstrates that large-scale air pollution is not a new phenomenon that emerged after 1949, but rather an “old problem” that dates back to the late Qing and the Republican eras. Whether one reviews the geographical system of air pollution sources or estimates soot and sulfur dioxide emissions, the air pollution problem in modern Shanghai has long been very serious. The consumption of large amounts of mineral energy is the root cause of air pollution, and certain irrational arrangements of natural and human factors weaken the ability to absorb, transform, diffuse, and dilute air pollutants, and ultimately make air pollution truly evolve into a severe environmental issue. The study of air pollution in modern Shanghai will not only help to reveal some long obscured historical facts from an empirical point of view, but also help to trace the historical roots of today's air pollution problems. At the same time, it is also of great significance to deepen the research impact of modern Chinese environmental history at the academic level.