自由、公意與立法者──盧梭立法理論的當代意義

Freedom, General Will and Lawgiver: The Contemporary Significance of Rousseau's Theory of Legislation

盧梭的立法理論以自由為開端，以公意為基礎，通過每個公民的自我立法而從真實意志上服從公意，以達致真正的自由。法律是公民服從公意而達致自由的動力，立法者的作用在於塑造新生國民的道德精神，使之服從法律和公意。盧梭的立法者不是依靠暴力，而是期望通過完成三項偉大事業，繼人性在社會狀態墮落後第二次“改變人性＂，來約束公民服從公意又持續地維持其自由狀態。施特勞斯指出，盧梭思想之所以構成現代自然權利的危機和現代性的第一次危機，是因為現代自然權利學說的不可能性。然而，羅爾斯、哈貝馬斯等思想家認為值得為尚未實現立法謀劃的現代性理想而努力。立法者有無可能解決自由與公意的悖論，人民自己有無可能超越作為個體的立法者的引導，是盧梭的立法理論留給當代世界的沒有過時的“老＂問題。

Freedom is the origin of Rousseau's political thought, in which human history with freedom forfeiture from natural state to the civil society. Social contract theory of Rousseau based on general will, attempt through each self-legislation of citizen and obey general will in order to reach real freedom from his true will. Law is the motility through which citizens obey general will and reach power of freedom. The function of Lawgiver is to change a people's human nature so that their conformity law and general will. Strauss, to thinking Rousseau's thought had caused the first crisis of modernity, the essence of modernity is the nihilism. But John Rawls, Jugen Habermas and other thinkers believe that the ideal of modernity which has been not yet achieved is valuable.