清初「歌詠太平」詞論之發展過程與論述策略

The Development Process and Rhetorical Strategies of “Praising Great Peace” Ci Poetry in the Early Qing

明清之際，社會戰亂頻仍，在易代衝擊之下，詞壇多為悲壯淒楚之調，然而至清政權逐漸穩固之時，詞風也漸漸有了新的變化，以呼應盛世的需要。在詞學理論方面，各種「歌詠太平」之呼聲漸出，他們或者包裝在「雅化」的論述之下，或者給予「言樂」正當性，諸人透過各種不同策略皆為達至此一目的。而這一個過程不僅表現社會、政治對於詞壇的影響，以及士人心態的轉變，也開展出關於詞體本身的相關議題。過往對明清易代詞風轉變的研究已多，多提到「尊體」的趨向，指出詩化、雅化一路，然而在上述各層面的深入討論均有所不足。本文發現，清初詞壇上的雅化論述上溯詩教，也許未必皆以尊體為目的，而部分是為提倡「歌詠太平」的詞作內容，其背後或者受自身詩學觀影響，或者受朝廷文治策略影響，企圖解決當時詞風主「怨」的情感層面，於是以「雅正」為外衣，「言樂」為基礎，連結了一個從風格、內容到情感本質均限定好的價值判準。本文由此視角切入，探討清初諸詞人如何倡雅言樂以歌詠太平，就縱向層面，以年代學之方法梳理此發展過程；從橫向方面，勾勒這些「歌詠太平」詞論的論述策略與當時政治、社會環境之關係，以及在共同的話語環境中的對話與回應。

During the early Qing, under the impact of dynastic change, the style of ci 詞 poetry gradually changed from one that was solemn and stirring to one that“Praised Great Peace”(geyong taiping 歌詠太平) so as to echo the flourishing age. With respect to ci poetic theory, echoing the flourishing age represented a rhetorical strategy, which was packaged under “Refinement” (yahua 雅化) or justified as “Expressing Joy” (yanle 言樂). The development process of this strategy not only reflected the social and political effects of ci, it also served to open up new topics. Previous research on changes in Ming-Qing ci poetic style have tended to highlight “Esteem” (zunti 尊體); while they mentioned the phenomena of “Poeticization” (shihua 詩化) and “Refinement,” they did not discuss them in detail. This article argues that the “Refinement” of ci poetic style in the early Qing was not necessarily aimed at promoting “Esteem,” for it also promoted the content of “Praising Great Peace” lyrics. This style of ci was based on “Expressing Joy” and decorated by “Refinement;” it became a standard by linking together style, content and emotional essence. Therefore, from a diachronic perspective, this article investigates how early Qing ci poets promoted “Expressing Joy” and “Refinement” in their ci that “Praised Great Peace.” It moreover employs a synchronic point of view to analyze the rhetorical strategies that informed “Praising Great Peace” ci poetry, as well as its relationship to, and dialogue with, the social and political environment of the time.