《中原音韻》之異讀與特殊音讀考述──兼以現存元曲為證

An Investigation of Heteronyms and Special Pronunciations in the Zhongyuan yinyun 中原音韻：Evidence from Extant Yuan Qu 曲

周德清（1277-1365）《中原音韻》包括十九韻部及其韻字（簡稱韻譜）和二十七條〈中原音韻正語作詞起例〉（簡稱〈起例〉）兩大部份。韻譜無反切，但有十三個周德清自注的字音或字義。本文擬分析其體現的「異讀」，進而爬梳韻譜其他異讀，歸納《中原音韻》常見的異讀類型。周德清指出言語誦讀不宜動引《廣韻》之反切為證，觸發筆者考述韻譜中的罕見字、難字、方言俗字、音變字等，將各小韻韻首的讀音與《廣韻》或《集韻》反切對照，發現諸多音讀既未承襲，甚至未見於《廣韻》或《集韻》等傳統韻書，更有別於一般常讀，姑且歸屬為「特殊音讀」。本文以「異讀」與「特殊音讀」為論述主軸，約可歸納「異讀、古讀變化為今讀、依邊傍字音、方言俗字」四大類。選取的字例大多著眼於《中原音韻》與《廣韻》個別音讀的差異，歸納其蘊含四種音讀類型。一、不論異讀或僅有一讀之字，承襲《廣韻》或《集韻》古讀而保留相同音類者，稱曰「古讀」。二、依《廣韻》或《集韻》古讀變化後所讀的語音，稱曰「變讀」。三、韻譜新著錄的音讀，稱曰「新讀」。第四，依邊傍字音、方言俗字，歸屬「俗讀」。周德清強調《中原音韻》某些字的異讀與特殊音讀，與《廣韻》迥然有別，已然成為當時天下通語。這對掌握北曲的平仄律具有規範意義，對伶人唱念亦具有指示作用，故兼以現存元曲為證。本文或可為《中原音韻》論北曲創作與度曲呈現另一種研究視野與成果。

Zhou Deqing 周德清 (1277-1365) was the author of “Zhongyuan Yinyun” 中原音韻, a rhyme book containing 5866 characters in total classified into nineteen rhyming groups (yunpu 韻譜) and listing twenty- seven rules and principles of composition called “Zhengyu Zuoci Qili 正語作詞起例” (abbreviated as qili 起例). In yunpu, thirteen heteronym examples (yidu 異讀) were annotated and often neglected by current scholars. In addition, several cases in qili demonstrated different pronunciations from mid-ancient Chinese rhyme books “Guangyun 廣韻” and “Jiyun 集韻 ” as well as other rhyme books. Therefore, these cases were categorized as special pronunciation (teshu yindu 特殊音讀). This article mainly discusses heteronym (yidu) and special pronunciation (teshu yindu) based on yunpu and qili. There were four types of pronunciations in qili― (1) heteronym, (2) current pronunciation transformed from ancient pronunciation, (3) phonetic change by character patterns, and (4) vernacular pronunciation. All types can be verified in yunpu. In fact, a considerable proportion of pronunciation in yunpu was inherited from the ancient pronunciation recorded in “Guangyun” or “Jiyun”. However, Zhou attempted to emphasize that some heteronym and special pronunciations different from those in “Guangyun” were popularly used in Central Plains during Yuan Dynasty. His “Zhongyuan Yinyun” aimed to highlight the difference of tones, rhythms and lyrics for singing and reciting of the northern Yuanqu 元曲 from southern dramas (xiwen 戲文). This articlenot only relates the pronunciation of yunpu to the northern Yuan drama, but also is based on the current evidences from northern Yuan drama. It is expected to promote an alternative understanding of the studies of qili, yunpu, and Yuanqu.