迢迢簽約路、邊塞風土行：清初漢臣的出使紀行及其書寫意義

Diplomatic Journeys to the Distant Frontier: Travel Journals Written by Han Chinese Envoys during the Early Qing Period and their Literary Implications

以明清古典文學而言，文臣武將因政治使命行走帝國邊疆的記錄在明清行旅著述中為數不少，這類著作不失為一個觀測帝國勢力消長的視角。以索額圖（1636-1703）為首，率兵千人的出使團，可視為康熙二十八年（1689）中俄雙方簽訂《尼布楚條約》之前奏曲。其中兵部督捕理事官張鵬翮（1649-1725）和兵官錢良擇（1645-1710）二人，分別寫下《奉使俄羅斯日記》、《出塞紀略》，可視為清代漢臣奉使出塞最早的記錄。欲瞭解康熙親征蒙古部落的來龍去脈，並掌握中俄簽訂《尼布楚條約》之始末，康熙二十七年（1688）由索額圖帶領的出使團，不容研究者忽略；而欲悉出使經過，從而把握清初使臣邊塞書寫之內容特色，張鵬翮、錢良擇的邊塞詩文，頗值得研究者注意。本文試圖闡述這些作品所兼攝文學、文化和歷史的多重意義。

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, works recording the diplomatic missions of courtiers and generals to the imperial frontier make up a substantial proportion of travel writings from the period. These diplomatic accounts provide an important perspective for assessing the growth and decline of imperial power. For example, the mission led by Songgotu 索額圖 (1636-1703), which included a military contingent of about one thousand soldiers, is regarded as an important prelude to the signing of the “Treaty of Nerchinsk” 尼布楚條約 by China and Russia in 1689 (the 28th year of Kangxi’s 康熙 reign). Two records of Songgotu’s mission – the Fengshi Eluosi riji 奉使俄羅斯日記 and the Chusai jilüe 出塞紀略 - which were written by the Administrative Officer of Military Affairs Zhang Penghe 張鵬翮 (1649-1725) and the Military Officer Qian Liangze 錢良擇 (1645-1710) respectively, represent the earliest records from the Qing dynasty of Han officials travelling beyond the frontier as envoys. The diplomatic journals composed by Zhang and Qian provide important clues for understanding this first mission led by Songgotu, which in turn is essential to recovering the whole story regarding Kangxi’s expedition to the Mongol tribes and the signing of the “Treaty of Nerchinsk.” In addition to examining the historical information found in these diplomatic travelogues, this article analyzes the multiple literary and cultural meanings found within their pages.