寶唱《比丘尼傳》中對奇蹟的運用──以「感應」為主的考察

The Use of Miracles in Baochang’s 寶唱Biqiuni zhuan 比丘尼傳─Research on the Expression of Ganying 感應

本論文以寶唱（活躍於495-516 A.D.）所撰的第一部中國比丘尼傳記集《比丘尼傳》為主，以「感應」此傳統概念為出發點，分析十一篇描寫奇蹟的比丘尼傳記。因書中感應的表達與奇蹟之間存有密切的關係，故一般認為聖人創造神聖形象的方式之一即通過神蹟。在描寫比丘尼作為賢惠與具有模範性質的女人同時，亦強調其不同於其它聖神傳記中所呈現的「被限制的身份描述」。本文亦對屬同作者的《名僧傳》（所用為《名僧傳抄》版本）進行比較，以探討二書中詞藻的區別與其呈現方式。透過對《比丘尼傳》敍事結構分析與文本探源，不僅可論證中國宗教傳記與阿波陀那（avādana）類傳記之差異，亦可指出宗教傳記與宗教靈驗記之間的密切互動。另據上述論點，於結尾處再提出六朝時期（220-589 A.D.）宗教文學的若干特點。

This article investigates the first biographical collection dedicated to Chinese Buddhist nuns, the Biqiuni zhuan 比丘尼傳 by Baochang 寶唱 (fl. 495-516 A.D.). Taking as its point of departure the notion of ganying 感應, it analyzes several biographies which contain depictions of miracles, and argues that there was a close relationship between the expression of ganying in the nuns’ lives and the subsequent occurrence of miracles. Such miraculous episodes shed light on the manner in which religious people conceive of and establish saintliness. The article describes the portrayal of nuns as virtuous and exemplary women, while at the same time emphasizing the ways in which they do not completely conform to the “reductive portrait” of female practitioners often seen in sacred biographies. The study also compares the Biqiuni zhuan to the Mingseng zhuan 名僧傳, which was written by the same author, in an effort to determine if and how these two biographical collections differ rhetorically. The article’s analysis of the Biqiuni zhuan’s narrative structure and biographical source materials is aimed at demonstrating the interaction between the genre of biography and that of (religious) tales of the miraculous, as well as the difference between Chinese religious biographies and avādana literature. In the conclusion, the article also discusses some of the features of religious literature during the Six Dynasties (220-589 A.D.).