從陳子龍的《莊子》詮釋論其詩觀與生命抉擇

Chen Zilong’s 陳子龍 Interpretation of the Zhuangzi《莊子》and its Relation to His Poetics and Life Choices

晚明雲間派代表著明代詩歌復古運動的第三次高峰，此派雖於《莊》學史上並無專門著作，但雲間派領導人陳子龍的文章中，卻有〈莊周論〉、〈譚子莊騷二學序〉二文。陳子龍並曾自號「大樽」，此詞即出自《莊子．逍遙遊》，意謂著陳子龍與《莊子》之間，確實具有若干連繫，值得我們加以闡發。本文將先討論陳子龍作於崇禎五年（1632）的〈莊周論〉，以及幾社文友宋存標、周立勳的同題之作，並藉由陳子龍心目中的莊子形象，分析復古詩學中所隱藏的悲抑內蘊；後則討論陳子龍於明亡前夕所作的〈譚子莊騷二學序〉，此文呈現了作者徘徊在莊子與屈子之間，不知何所依從的困境，即使陳子龍人生的最後結局是以屈原的方式寫下，然而在抉擇過程中，莊子般的思考卻是其生命中不可忽略的重要環節。

The Yun-Jian school 雲間派 of the late Ming represents the third climax of Ming dynasty classical poetics. Although the adherents of the school produced no comprehensive works on the Zhuangzi《莊子》, their leader, Chen Zilong 陳子龍, composed two essays on the text, his On Zhuang Zhou〈莊周論〉and the Preface to Tanzi’s Works on Zhuangzi and Li Sao 〈譚子莊騷二學序〉. Chen once referred to himself as “Dazun” 大樽, a phrase derived from the Xiaoyao you 〈逍遙遊〉 chapter of the Zhuangzi, which suggests that Chen’s view of the text is worth exploring in greater detail. This article first discusses Chen’s On Zhuang Zhou, written in the fifth year of the Chongzhen 崇禎 reign (1632 A.D.), and compares it to works of the same title penned by two poets of the Ji Society 幾社, Song Cunbiao 宋存標 and Zhou Lixun 周立 勳. Through an analysis of Chen’s image of Zhuangzi, the article uncovers the melancholy intent hidden in classical poetics. It then turns to a discussion of the Preface to Tanzi’s Works on Zhuangzi and Li Sao, which Chen completed on the eve of the Ming dynasty’s collapse. This work reveals Chen’s indecision with respect to Zhuangzi and Quzi 屈子, as well as the dilemma he faced in deciding which thinker to follow. Even though Chen ended his life as Qu Yuan 屈原 did, Zhuangzi’s mode of thinking played an important role in his decision making process.