屈大均的華姜情緣與自我建構

Qu Dajun’s Love for Huajiang and His Self-constitution

屈大均（1630-1696）十八歲師從嶺表三忠陳邦彥（1608-1647）起兵，獨當一隊。邦彥就義後，大均禮函昰為僧。順治十四年（1657）以訪函可於遼東為名，第一次出嶺，期間經歷了鄭氏水師圍南京失利與永曆帝走緬甸被俘遇害。復明的希望更加渺茫。康熙四年（1665）第二次出嶺在代州娶華姜之後，又在秦晉一帶活動將近兩年，直到康熙七年始攜華姜北出雁門關、走京師、過江南，返回番禺故里，此時為康熙八年八月。只是華姜在次年正月二十七日，就因小產病逝。本文從大均第二次出嶺西北寫起，認為大均所以娶得華姜，實為其遺民身分在西北詩人群中獲得認同。從游西嶽的建都想像，還有悼榆林忠義對地方史的同情與致敬，大均成功獲得關中遺民間的友情，也因此得以娶得榆林忠義之女王華姜為妻。只是華姜隨夫從西北返回廣東不久即因小產病逝，大均對於這位陪伴他走過塞內塞外、大江南北的紅顏知己悲痛萬分。故而大均在哀悼華姜的作品中，努力的建立華姜志性高潔與忠孝兩全的形象。本文認為大均的哀悼，其實是心中理想遺民形象的投射。雖說從公領域而言，以道德與忠孝加諸華姜，已經是遺民心中最高的完美典範；但從個人情感來看，以隱逸與忠孝的牌坊標榜華姜，對大均心中的傷痛、思念與愧疚並無法消解。所以大均〈哭華姜〉百首中，才多次不自覺放聲哭嚎與情緒，發出「英雄自古原無主，不殉佳人欲殉誰」的悲吼。這是最原初、最純真、不經道德薰染的愛情本貌。

Over his second extensive journey away from his native place in Lingnan, in the 1660s, Qu Dajun (1630–1696), an ardent Ming loyalist, married Huajiang from Daizhou in northwestern China. Qu gained love from his wife, and recognition and trust from the local Ming loyalist community. Qu and Huajiang returned to Lingnan in 1669 and Huajiang died from childbirth complication about six months later. Huajiang’s death devastated Qu, and Qu composed many mourning poems for his late wife. This paper argues that these poems express as much lamentation for Huajiang as Qu’s wish for self-definition or self-constitution. The virtues of self-restraint, piety and loyalty that Qu attributed to Huajiang as a wife in these verses are also defining elements of Ming loyalism. Qu Dajung’s love for Huajiang is genuine, but Huajiang also emerges from these poems as a symbol, one that Qu partakes of.