成為明遺民──以杜濬為例

Becoming a Ming Loyalist: the Case of Du Jun

「明遺民杜濬」（1611-1687）是建構而成的。透過杜濬自身、旁人及後人詩文中的意象，透過史料的傳抄及不同時期價值觀的剪裁建構而成。與杜濬同時代的人們，視杜濬為一詩意的意象：有杜濬所在之處，即是隱士的茅屋。在這一系列文本中，充滿杜濬成為明遺民的意象特質，杜濬是亂世中的守夜者，能夠作為其他詩人想像的中心，使每一個人將自己的心境投射其中。在這些詩歌中，既有對杜濬及其居室共同的想像，又有各自的表述。本文意欲討論龔鼎孳（1615–1673）在順治七年（1650）所作的〈清和一日過杜于皇寓值雨，同冒辟疆、趙友沂、顧與治、紀伯紫、黃心甫、吳園次用王龍標宿陶大公館韻〉及冒襄（1611-1693）、黃傅祖、吳綺（1619- 1694）、杜濬的和作，說明杜濬的房屋，以及杜濬本身都成為了詩歌中的意象。從晚明清初至清末民初，透過這些意象，杜濬被建構為明遺民，其他文人也能經由建構杜濬，重新建構自我形象。杜濬詩歌意象中所展現的遺民意識，與旁人描寫杜濬為遺民的意象產生了偏離與隙縫。這個隙縫，能給予我們一絲光亮，照亮許多晦闇未明之處。「杜濬以入清不仕的政治選擇進入明遺民的歷史分類」，這一句話，其實是湖廣地方人士及後代文人努力數百年的成果。本文僅僅想從另一個角度，展現杜濬自身與其他人在詩歌意象中，透過早期的相互建構，到晚期的單向建構，杜濬成為明遺民的過程。

This paper argues that the image of the poet Du Jun (1611– 1687) as a Ming loyalist was an outgrowth of constructiveness. Du Jun’s image evolved with time; Du himself, his contemporaries, and later writers all took part in shaping it. For Du Jun’s contemporaries, Du was a man of integrity and tenacity, a conspicuous example of hermit-spiritedness. In later ages, Du Jun eventually became a symbol of Ming loyalism for his refusing to serve the Qing after the demise of the Ming. This paper conducts close readings of a 1650 poem by Gong Dingzi and matching ones to his by a group of fellow poets. These poems wrote about Du Jun and betrayed the poets’ identification with Du. This paper suggests that a cluster of images of Du Jun from these poems became a site for imagination and contemplation for later writers, and that Du emerged from these images as a Ming loyalist. The gradual perfection of Du Jun as a Ming loyalist reflected the continuous efforts of the Hu-Guang intellectuals in fostering a local cultural, historical and political subjectivity.