| 英文摘要 |
As C.E. Black has indicated, modern revolution is intellectual in its origins, being based on the expansion of new knowledge and thought. Chinese intellectuals during the early 20th century, especially those who were alienated from governing circles, were deeply and ambiguously influenced by western knowledge and thought, and their minds were tantalised by the great new social and intellectual movements at work in one of the centers of European culture, Russia. The ultimate purpose of the Chinese revolution, in the radical intellectuals' view, was not 'the driving out of the barbarian dynasty', but 'the transformation of the people's livelihood and of national polity.' They compared the process of the Russian revolution, about which they committed themselves to the view that the right and welfare of the people were paramount, with that of a democratie republic, which was the ultimate goal for the revolutionary movement in China the same as in Russia. However, most Chinese reformists, following Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, whose propaganda at that time influenced them more strongly than any other single set of reform ideas, were convienced that a powerful state could breed good citizens. Based on observation of Russia's struggle in the first decade of the 20th century, they affirmed that the attempt to prevent the horrors of revolution must necessarily be a central goal. They believed that the chaos in Russia came from the demand for constitutional government which, above all other issues, was the crux of the difference between reformism and revolutionary ideas and actions. In this historical context, the Russian case was the on1y vehicle through which such ideas as populism, anarchism, socialism and constitutionalism could however crypitcally, be conveyed by both camps in China. |
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