從理學觀點看楊簡解《易》之特色

Neo-Confucianist Viewpoints of the Characteristics of Yang Jian's Annotation of the Classic of Changes

理學的發展造就了宋代的學術特色，與前代相比，最大的特色就在於學者們賦予經典的不同解釋，尤其是心性天理等方面。受到佛道的刺激與影響，讓不少儒家學者試圖從傳統的經典中尋找可與釋、道外教相評比的思想，更積極的開發經典新的意涵。作為心學大師陸九淵的弟子，楊簡是少數心學家中積極從事經典注疏的學者，其詮解的經典涵蓋了《詩經》《易經》《春秋》《論語》《孝經》等，約共79卷，然而卻因為他特殊的解釋觀點，引來了不少批評。《楊氏易傳》便是其中備受批評的一本（為方便論述，底下簡稱為《楊傳》）。四庫館臣在論述楊簡這本解《易》的著作時說，就提出不同的意見。先不論《四庫全書總目提要》的批評是否客觀，然而他的說法卻是代表了一種多數的意見，一種對《楊傳》的普遍印象。這種僅止於印象似的批評無法看清事實，也無法全面掌握楊簡該書的全貌。因此，筆者擬由解經的方法來詮析《楊傳》，藉由分析楊簡詮釋《易傳》的方法來看待《楊傳》一書的特點及衍生的缺失。透過全面的整理與瀏覽，筆者從「一」統「萬」之說入手，論析楊簡解《易》的特點，並釐清此「一」的內涵與由「一」以解《易》可能遭遇的困難。

The development of neo-confucianism determined the academic characteristics of the Song Dynasty. Compared with the previous generation, the most important is that scholars have different interpretations of the classics, especially for the aspects of disposition, heavenly principle and so on. Because of the stimulus and influence of Buddhism and Taoism, many confucianists tried to find from traditional classics, new thoughts to be assessed side by side with Buddhism and Taoism, and had been more actively developing new meaning for classics. As a disciple of Lu Jiuyuan, a master in the school of mind, Yang Jian is one of the few scholars who is actively engaged in classic annotation. The classics he annotated include the Classic of Poetry, Classic of Changes, Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects, Classic of Filial Piety, etc., a total of 79 volumes. Yet, he was much criticized because of his unusual viewpoint. Yang's Annotation of the 'Classic of Changes', referred to as Yang's Annotation below, is one of his works which had received severe criticism. The editor of 'Siku Quanshu' (the Imperial Collection of Four), for instance, put forward different opinions from Yang's when discussing his annotation of Classic of Changes. Whether Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao (Summary of Imperial Library) is objective or not, its argument represented the opinion held by the majority of scholars, general impression of Yang's Annotation. With the criticism based on impression, it is not possible to see the truth of this annotation, nor to get the whole picture of it. Therefore this study aimes to analyze Yang's Annotation by looking at his method of interpretation and to discuss the characteristic, as well as flaws, of this work. Through thorough reading and sorting, the researcher would start from the saying of 'unifying ten-thousand with one' to make clear the connotation of 'one' and the possible difficulties when interpreting the Classic of Changes with 'one'.