習得無助感對蘇曼殊及其寫作風格之影響

The psychological effect of ＂learned helplessness＂ on Mandju So and his composition

蘇曼殊（1884-1918）是清末民初的一位作家，他的一生堪稱傳奇。曼殊的傳奇沒有因他的死亡而結束。在曼殊研究之中，學術懸案竟比定案還要多。曼殊寫作風格及其形成的解釋就是眾多懸案之一。回顧前賢諸說，各有千秋。可是，在作家的處境與寫作風格的連繫之間，不少論者總是忽略了作家的主體性，而出現推論過簡的問題。有見及此，本文運用了文藝心理學的方法作出研究。經過分析之後，曼殊本人自小受不可控制的生活壓力事件困擾，而令習得無助感根植在他的個性之中。在1907年的省母之旅不久之後，曼殊更是患上了重度抑鬱症。曼殊的創作受此影響後，風格上越趨悲傷。因受習得無助感之影響，曼殊在小說作品中處處體現了無奈無助的痛苦及只能隨順厄運的無力感。

Mandju So (1884-1918) born in late Qing period, was a legendary writer. Although he lived a short life, he left us quite a number of great works, e.g. translated compositions, drawings, poems, novels etc. He also left us quite a number of mysteries and fierce academic debates. It is interesting that though Mandju did not lived in ancient China, which makes us hard to investigate, the debates over him never ended. There was a debate about who his father was, once this debate was over, the researchers turned to discuss who his mother was. This happens not only over the topics in the historical studies of Mandju, but also over the analysis of his compositions. It is a noticeable phenomenon to everyone that Mandju always wrote sad stories. However, only a few researchers noticed that Mandju's writing style had got changes. None of them tried to study deeply about the psychological states of Mandju and the relationship between his emotional problems and his compositions. By using the study method of psychology, this article intended to go deep into the analysis that how Mandju's psychological states affected his compositions. In fact, Mandju had got the psychological problem of Major Depression after 1907. Affected by his childhood experience and the traumatic stress caused by knowing who his true mother was, Mandju's writing style had changed drastically to a sad mood. The mechanism behind this change can be explained by Seligman's Learned Helplessness Theory. This article will reveal to you that the characters in Mandju's Six Novels were consistent with such mode of thinking.