《墨子》「尚同一義為政」平議

Appraises 'MoZi' 'The Political Rule Order Must Follow Ruler's Right and Wrong Standard'

《墨子》學說以「興天下之利，除天下之害」為鵠的，歸結於建立兼愛互利的和諧社會。墨子強聒不捨的遍從天下人倡言其理念，又設想從政治層面著手，故楬櫫「尚同一義為政」的思想。「尚同」謂「上之所是，必皆是之，所非必皆非之」，又主張以「告」而「得下之情」，且透過賞罰齊一群體思想、價值觀，是以或有認為「尚同」的實質是權威專制。甚者更逕將「尚同」視為《韓非子》君主獨尊統御術之濫觴。本文探討軸心：其一，論「尚同」學說正當性的根源與理論方法。論述《墨子》乃是以「天志欲義」作為此理念之價值根源，說明「尚同」是《墨子》欲使其「義」獲得一致認同的方法論，而藉「告」施行的賞罰亦具有雙層意義；其二，分析「尚同」的理想性及現實性。闡明「尚同」是建構「兼愛」世界的保障，然而若「天志」愛利天下人的前提被撤除，則「尚同」於現實層面上始有流於專制壹言堂之疑慮；其三，楬櫫「尚同」學說的侷限與盲點。說明「尚同」實踐的良窳有賴於賢者之界定，又若無法確保賢者在位的必然性，則「尚賢」恐不足以濟「尚同」之功。

”MoZi” the theory is by ”starts the world the benefit, eliminates disaster of the world” to take the goal, but sums up in the establishment universal love mutual benefit harmonious society. Mozi initiates his idea to all people, also conceives from the political stratification plane begins, therefore the revelation ”establishment common thought and values” thought. ”esteem of accordance” advocated that ”the political rule order must follow ruler's right and wrong standard”, also advocated that by ”reported” the achievement ”obtains ruled's situation” method, and by award and punishment uneven people's thought and values, therefore has some scholars to think ”esteem of accordance” the essence is despotic. More serious, directly ”Han Feizi” the crowned head will revere alone the centralization series governing skill ”esteem of accordance” marked the equal sign with ”MoZi”. The article, attempts by three parts takes the discussion axle center: First, discussion ”esteem of accordance” theory validity root and theory method, analyzes ”MoZi” is ”wants righteousness by the day will” to make for this reason the idea value root, then explained that ”esteem of accordance” was actually ”MoZi” wants to cause him ”righteousness” to obtain the unanimous approval the methodology, therefore so-called because of ”considers” executes the award and punishment also to have the double-decked significance; Second, inquired into ”esteem of accordance” the theory ideal as well as the feasibility. Takes advantage of this expounded that ”esteem of accordance” was ”MoZi” constructs ”the universal love” a world safeguard, however, if ”the day will” were not affirmed, then ”esteem of accordance” the beginning had in the realistic stratification plane suffers wrong with, but flows in the despotic anxiety; Third, revelation ”esteem of accordance” theory limitation and scotoma. Explained ”esteem of accordance” the justness is decided by sage's limits, also, if is unable to guarantee the sage reigns inevitability, then ”esteem of sagas” is insufficient to be auxiliary ”esteem of accordance”.