《海浮山堂詞稿》用韻特點探究－－以北曲小令為例

The Study of the Rhyming Style in 'Hai-Fu-San-Tang-Chi-Gau'-By Northern Melodies Xiaoling Example

散曲是著重音樂美感的韻文學，押韻是韻文學表達情感的重要手法。馮惟敏是北派大家，有「曲中蘇辛」之稱，散曲集《海浮山堂詞稿》題材廣闊、內容豐富、現實性強。文學史評之為「語言活潑自然，帶有北方爽朗豪邁。」如是特質如何展現在音韻上呢？是為本文的研究動機。本文以北曲的小令為主要語料，如實地分析《海浮山堂詞稿》的用韻特點，期能瞭解馮氏驅遣文學語言上的特點，進而歸納其音韻風格，為明散曲提供另一種賞析與研究的方法。經由分析、歸納，得知馮氏北曲作品以【雙調】、【中呂】兩個宮調為主，曲牌則集中於［朝天子］、［清江引］［醉太平］三曲。用韻以庚青、齊微、蕭豪三者為多，其語音兼有振厲、縝密、飄灑的情調。押韻形式上，排韻形成氣勢連貫；不同韻部的交錯，形成情感的轉折與變化。一曲之內以同音字相協，是用韻的特點。以定譜覈對，與其完全相合者239曲佔76%；「不可協而協」、「應協而未協」共76曲佔24%；顯示馮氏創作北曲時，雖以《中原音韻》與調譜為圭臬，但有時情感高於曲譜、韻譜，準則無法完全拘縛之，正是馮惟敏語言活潑、爽朗豪邁、豪放寡馴風格的具體展現。

Sanqu plays an important role in the literature of Ming Dynasty but few researches have focused on Sanqu in academy. The researches in language of Sanqu are rare and that situation is a great pity. Sanqu is a kind of verse that emphasizes the beauty of music. Since we can not know the vocalism of Sanqu nowadays, the use of language in Sanqu has become the important source of tracing back the beauty of Sanqu. Rhymes are the important methods of expressing emotions in literature.Feng Weimin was the major of Northern Melodies and had been called ”Su Shih and Xin Qiji of Sanqu.” The characteristics of his Sanqu collection, Hai-Fu-San-Tang-Chi-Gau, were great variety of topics, substantial in content and strong degrees of realism. Literature critics have commented that the language is nature and lively with the bright, clear and generous northern style. But how was the characteristic of bright, clear and generous northern style expressed in rhyme?This research has taken Xiaoling of Northern Melodies as the major material and practically analyzes the characteristics of the rhyming style in Hai-Fu-San-Tang-Chi-Gau. The researcher hopes to comprehend the characteristics of language in Feng's pioneering literature, conclude the rhyming style and provide a method to appreciate and study Ming's Sanqu.