清代詞論中的「比興寄託」說析論－－以雲間、陽羨、浙西三大詞派為探究中心

The Exploration Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo of Ching Tsu-Based on Tsu Faction of Yun Chien, Yang Hsien and Che Hsi

比興寄託說，在傳統詩學中有著悠久的歷史，詞作為一種娛樂文學，原本並沒有被嚴格要求運用比興手法抒發政治懷抱性的情感，然而，為了推尊詞的地位，提昇詞的品格，就不可避免要向詩的表現領地借鑑，通過繼承詩歌的經驗與自身的實踐，自然會運用比興手法包裹深厚的人生內涵與政治意識。為了凸出詞與詩不同的精神本質，詞論家不僅削弱了傳統詩學的「宗經」意識，而且強化了楚騷的寄託精神，詞論中的「寄託說」正是傳統詩學中「比興說」的發展與嬗變，最終形成自己的美學特色。比興寄託在詞論中蔚為大國，是在清代常州詞派開始崛起在詞壇之後，所以，歷來談及詞論中的比興寄託說，多著重在清代常州詞派，對於雲間、陽羨、浙西詞派，卻少有著墨。沿波討源，我們只有對其他三大詞派詞論中的比興寄託說作比較深入的考察，才能對清代常州詞派詞論中的寄託說究竟為詞學史提供了多少新意作出適當的歷史評價。本研究擬從清代詞論中對於比興寄託說的產生背景、內涵實質、發展歷程做一探究，以見比興寄託說在清代的文化背景中如何生成與衍化，並了解三大詞派對於比興寄託說的差異與演變的線索，並藉此以見詞論中的比興寄託說不同於詩論之處，以補前人對清代詞論中比興寄託說研究之不足。

Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo theory has been long in time, and as an entertaining literature, Tsu was not strictly required to utilize Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo to express political emotion. However, to advocate Tsu and promote its moral character, it was inevitable to adopt the expression of Poet, and to comprise profound inner beauty of life and political consciousness by inheriting experiences of Poet. To differentiate the spiritual essence between Tsu and Poet, Tsu authors not only weakened traditional conscious of follower, but also enriched the consigning spirit of Chu Sao. Tsu's Chi-Tao theory was exactly the development and transformation of Poet's Pi-Hsin theory, but finally, Tsu had developed its own esthetic characteristics.It was until the development of Chung Cho Tsu faction in Ching Dynasty, the Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo was prevailing. Therefore, Chang Cho faction has long been the focus of Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo rather than Sung Tsu when discussing Tsu's Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo theory. Consequently, factions of Yun Chien, Yang Hsien and Che His were seldom discussed. To adequately evaluate the contribution of Chang Cho Tsu, it is necessary to thoroughly investigate Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo theory of Yun Chien, Yang Hsien and Che His.This article intends to reveal the generation and transformation of Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo in Ching Dynasty by exploring the background, the inner beauty and essence, and the development of Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo in Ching Tsu. The objective is to supplement the insufficient researches on Pi-Hsin-Chi-Tuo theory conducted previously.