宋詞元曲之音樂與文學承傳疑義辨析

Interpretation and analysis in some doubtful inherited points about Music and Literature of Song Ci and Yuan Qu

在傳統中國文學史的觀念中，唐詩而後宋詞，宋詞而後元曲，其間文學脈落之先後承傳，似成定論，而宋詞承傳自唐詩，詞為詩餘之說，已有駁斥非議之雜音，然其並非本文談論重點，故略而不論；唯宋詞元曲之承傳，歷來論者亦眾，傳統的說法是，曲為後起之體，論其宮調、牌名、聯套數、演故事等等，固無一不種遠因於詞，無一不具雛形於詞，無一不從詞中轉變增衍而出也。果如是乎？其實古來文藝之變遷，大皆出於時代所需，積若干因素，經過長期醞釀，甚至承受舊文藝之影響，逐步蛻變而成。然就其體製而論，實屬創新，固不得謂其僅由舊文藝直接蛻變而成也。譬如中國歷來韻文之變遷中，音樂與文學即佔有絕大的改變因素，蓋新樂迭興之際，舊樂及其所屬之韻文勢必同歸衰歇，非有一新興可被管絃之文學體裁取而代之不可，是故雅樂衰，《三百篇》亡；楚聲興，騷體作；漢立樂府，則樂府代騷而興；可知音樂產生變化，韻文亦不得不隨之而變，此亦宋詞衰而元曲興之主因也。持此觀點以考宋詞元曲之音樂與文學承傳，則自當有清晰之脈絡可尋，元曲絕非詞餘而已也。本文擬就：傳統文學觀中詞曲關係論述、宋詞元曲之音樂淵源、宋詞之文學背景是否有能力影響元曲等，三方面做考察，宋詞元曲在政治與文化產生變遷之際，其間的淵源、互動與承傳關係，其主旨在說明「南北曲並非淵源於宋詞，南北曲中源於宋詞者，皆在南北曲成形之後，再吸收宋詞」之文學史觀念。

In traditional conception of history of Chinese Literature, Tang poetry is before then Song Ci, then Yuan qu is the last.During that time, the inheritance of literary genre is already formed a final conclusion, but the formulation of Song Ci was borned and spreaded from Tang poetry have had a noise of refuting censure. It is not main point and no matter should not be discussed in this text. On the other hand,the inheritance of Song Ci and Yuan Qu have discussed a lot. The traditional statement was, Yuan Qu was a younger form,no matter what its music modes, titles, cycle of songs, and developed performing stories,were all causes and embryo of Song Ci.But is it truth? In fact,the changes of literature and art since ancient times,were started from its periods,accumulating several factors and changed in gradually way through the influence of older literary form.But as for Yuan Qu’s form was really innovative,we can't call that it were qualitative changes from Song Ci.For example,the changed factors of verse in all the past dynasties,music and literature had been played important role.When new style of music were promotd,the old one and its affiliated verse certainly declined and only the new burgeoning literary form which preformed in music could replaced it.So ceremonial（refined） music declined and ＂ 300 sheets of paper of The Book of Songs ＂died then sounds of Chu rised,Sao type got up.Han Dynasty established an office named “Yue-fu”,then the literary genre of Yue-fu poems replaced Sao type.Therefore music changed,verse could not but changed.It was the main reason that poetry of Song Ci declined and Yuan Qu rised. To hold this point of view to explore the inheritance about music and literature of Song Ci and Yuan Qu, and it have clear clues to be seeked out: Yuan Qu by no means inherited by Song Ci.This text planned to explored in three aspects what followed: relation of Ci and Qu in traditional literary view,music origin of Song Ci and Yuan Qu,whether or not literay background of Song Ci had influenced Yuan Qu.From that I want to present the origin,interaction,and inheritance of Song Ci and Yuan Qu when political and cultural changes arosed.