幻象與共謀：布赫迪厄論秩序的自我持存

Illusio and Complicity: Bourdieu on the Self-perpetuation of Order

本文聚焦於布赫迪厄對秩序問題的再問題化：歷史中，專斷永恆化以及秩序自我持存的可能性條件。通過誤認與委婉，我們區別了禮物與債務，進入以禮物交換為原型的象徵交換理法，並在象徵交換理法中，確立了不同於物質利益的象徵利益。布赫迪厄進一步將這種利益的複數性運用到社會生活的所有面向，並呈現出場域（遊戲）的多樣性。遊戲通過幻象的作用，得到聖化並具有正當性，同時正當性也讓幻象得到神聖性。因此，作為聖化的構成性權力，通過強加與自然化的過程，象徵權力生產出某種專斷性的正當化；而象徵暴力則是將構成了的權力，內化為宿命性的信念式順從，亦即，象徵暴力讓社會位置的偶然性被誤認為必然性，並將象徵權力強加的專斷的正當性認作自己的限制乃至宿命。如此，在共謀關係中被支配者的展現出兩面真理：專斷的正當化與強加的自然化，以及從順從的反抗到怨恨的辯證。然而，在幻象的共謀與共謀的幻象這種無限循環裡，我們面對的是被支配者的信念式順從。這就是專斷永恆化亦即秩序自我持存的可能性條件。

This research focuses on Bourdieu’s re-problematiztion of the problem of order: in history, the conditions of possibility for “eternalizing the arbitrary” and “self-perpetuating order.” Through misrecognition and euphemism, we can distinguish the gift from the debt; besides, we enter the economy of symbolic exchanges, which is based on the gift exchange as the archetype. Then, we establish firmly the symbolic interest that differs from the material interest in the economy of symbolic exchanges. Further, Bourdieu applied the plurality of interests to all aspects of social life and displayed the multiplicity of fields (games). By the effects of illusio, games are consecrated and legitimated; meanwhile, illusio are consecrated also. Therefore, as the power of constituting consecration, symbolic power produces the arbitrary legitimately by the process of imposition and naturalization. Symbolic violence that internalizes power is constituted as fatalistic doxic submission. Namely, symbolic violence misrecognizes not only the contingency of social position as necessity, but also the legitimacy of the arbitrary imposed by symbolic power as self-limitation or even destiny. For that reason, the twofold truth appearing by the dominated in the complicit relation is “legitimatization of the arbitrary and imposed naturalization” and “from the submissive revolt to dialectic of resentment.” In the infinite cycle of illusio-complicit and complicit-illusio, however, what we confront is the doxic submission of the dominated, and this is the condition of possibility for eternalizing the arbitrary and self-perpetuating order.