計時趕工的霸權體制：對華南一家加工出口台資廠的勞動體制研究

Hourly Wages, Hard Workers, and a Hegemonic Regime: The Factory Regime of a Taiwanese-invested Factory in South China

位於廣東省珠江三角洲的恆發箱袋公司是一個勞力密集、以加工出口為主、實施計時工資制度的台資工廠。不同於過去研究中對珠三角勞動體制的描繪，在這個工廠裡出現了以趕工遊戲為基礎的霸權式勞動體制。基於這個特殊的個案，本文描繪了趕工遊戲的內容及其制度基礎，並探討其效果，以解釋霸權體制的形成：透過「計時制作為變相的計件制」的制度安排，以及下班時間、門禁等規約，車間出現了組織起共識的趕工遊戲，進而形塑了霸權體制。進一步地，透過工人的空間經驗、對門禁的理解，以及形塑這些經驗的社會脈絡，我們可以看到這個霸權體制工廠座落的政治──社會──文化脈絡，並且分析由國家政治形塑的工人「非公民的主體」，如何與廠內的生產政治接合起來，打造了霸權體制。作者認為，公民身分的狀態不只影響了農民工的社會保障、社會地位或階級位置，更透過主體的打造滲透到勞動過程之中，而成為理解何謂「資本主義在中國」時另一種有力的切入點。

Hengfa Handbag Company, a Taiwanese-invested factory, brings an anomalistic phenomenon in the labor-intensive Pearl River Delta area: Although coercive means of labor control were enfeebled or even abolished, workers worked assiduously. Coercion based on punishment was replaced by an organization of consent, and a hegemonic factory regime rather than a despotic one now runs the shop-floor. The primary task of this study is to explain how the hegemonic regime was generated and how it obscured and secured surplus value, using Michael Burawoy's analytic concept, 'making out as a game.' In Hengfa's shop-floor, interventions by state and workers' social networks protected workers from physical and economic punishment, and in this plight for coercive labor control, a Burawoyian 'game' was generated and replaced punishment. Output quotas were assigned every day, while only after completing the quotas could a worker leave, and the co-location of factory and dormitory, a curfew, and a desire for an urban lifestyle encouraged workers to work hard to increase their leisure time outside the factory. Furthermore, the process of pursuing this substantial reward organized the social relations among workers and produced workers' experience of the labor process to guarantee workers' voluntarily efforts to work hard. At the end of this article, these arguments bring about an attempt to identify the social context in which Hengfa was embedded: the hukou (household registration) system deeply rooted in modern Chinese society generated and legitimated the dormitory and curfew system, which in turn influenced the form of workers' activities and initiated the game on the shop-floor. The lack of citizenship reduced workers' safety and led workers to regard the dormitory and curfew system as protection rather than restraint. Through the hukou system, workers were constructed as 'non-citizen subjects,' and through these subjects, 'state politics' and 'production politics' encountered each other.