超越「進取之累」──陳騤《文則》新論

To surpass the imperial examination - a study on Cheng Kuei's Wen Tze

陳騤《文則》素有「第一部修辭學著作」之稱。若將此書置於科舉風行的南宋觀之，則有更深入探索的可能。陳騤超越「進取之累」的關鍵，在於「知味」的眼光，包括了「文學與經學融合」以及「文學審美」兩個層面。《文則》超越「進取之累」的作法有：其一，論語言表意功能與審美經驗。陳騤主張「文簡理周」，肯定語言表意能力。結合文學與經學，嘗試提煉出可供借鏡的寫作條例。陳騤研究語言美感經營方式，歸納經傳文字，記載審美經驗。其二，論文體。陳騤關注非科舉文體，並強調文體源自經典，重視文體審美特色。其三，論學古。陳騤反省盲目學古的問題。面對印刷術普及所帶來的知識革命，陳騤強調觸類旁通的學古策略，則可謂顯露出「活法」關的思想靈光。

In Nan Song dynasty, Cheng Kuei's Wen Tze is the first rhetoric book in the Chinese literature history. Cheng Kuei wanted to surpass the imperial examination by this book. The '知味' (zhi wei) is the main idea he had. And then, there were three ways: 1. Cheng Kuei believed that language must express the meaning thoroughly. Cheng Kuei showed the ways how to write the articles. 2. Cheng Kuei attached great importance to the 文體 (wen ti) which were not examined in imperial examination. 3. Cheng Kuei believed that we must imitated great articles wisely not mechanically. This is his archaist theories.