晚明史家的競合關係——以徐學謨王世貞為例

The Mutural Impacts among Historians in the Late Ming: A Case Study of the Relation between Hsu Hsueh-mo and Wang Shih-chen

晚明由於文網漸疏、邸報流行、實錄抄傳等因素，私家修史之風甚盛。惟眾多史著良莠不齊，記述出入頗鉅，議論莫衷一是，於是考史作品應運而生。徐學謨和王世貞二人正是這股史學潮流中的領袖人物，經由他們的努力，晚明史學紀律漸趨嚴謹。學謨和世貞年齡、鄉里、宦途相仿，史學方面又皆有傑出表現，兩者難免產生瑜亮情結，進而發展出一段複雜的既合作又競爭之歷程。兩人學術上的良性互動，增進彼此史學的嚴謹度，也帶動整個學術界求真求實的風氣。而二人著史風格之差異，對後輩史家也有深遠影響。世貞筆下歷史人物獨特生動、善惡分明，成為翰林和布衣史學的模仿範本；學謨務實的作風，則造就出均衡寫實的史筆，頗受溫和中立史家之青睞。

Because of the erosion of censorship, the dissemination of newspapers, and the spread of the Veritable Records 實錄, histories written privately were flourishing in late Ming times. Among these nongovernmental historical books, the quality varied significantly, and thus the voice called for rectification and discipline prevailed. Hsu Hsueh-mo 徐學謨and Wang Shih-chen 王世貞shared similar life spans, birth places, political careers, as well as outstanding historical scholarships, and, as a result, they competed with each other for higher reputation in the academic group. They also developed the benigh interactions through which they promoted the credibility of each other's historical works treated by descendant historians as the models. There were however some dissimilarities between Hsu and Wang. While the former, admired by many moderate historians, presented a balanced viewpoint over historical figures, the latter, followed by the Han-lin 翰林and commoner authors, was making role models.