史家筆下遼金元女性節烈觀綜探

Explorations on Female Chieh-Lieh in Liao, Chin and Yuan Dynasties from Historians' View Points

自劉向作〈列女傳〉以來，「貞順」和「節義」已逐漸成為女性典範；中經魏晉六朝、隋唐五代，女性節烈觀在開放與保守間擺蕩發展；到了宋代，理學興起，建構了君臣父子夫婦的鋼常關係，凸顯了忠孝節義的道德要求，尤其是對女性；而宋元時期，四百年的胡、漢政權交錯，處在戰亂與變動中，不同種族的女性，當如何安身與自處？又當如何符合家庭社會的期待，乃至自身的期許？此實為當時女性之重要課題。因之，本文首先從種族、位階、習俗、律令與婚姻等現實生活與經濟因素，探討遼金元時期女性在錯綜多元的元蒙社會中，如何走向漢人「從一而終」的負節觀與禮教的緊箍咒中；其次從史傳列女傳中，觀察節烈觀如何由貴族命婦流衍到廣大的民間婦女身上；同時從女性之教育情況，探討以經史為主的女教，如何促成女性的自我期許，乃至形成家庭典範與貞烈門風，使得無數女性在變亂中，前仆後繼的走上自殘或殉節的不歸路。最後討論史學發展與史官之價值取向，以說明男性主導的史材與史論，如何真接影響正史上的女性形象，再從而教育了歷代以來的廣大女性，而成就統治者的教化目的等，以見此一時期，乃中國歷史上，女性節烈觀由弱轉強的關鍵。

Jen-Shun - Chastity and Obedience' and 'Chieh-Yi - Spirit of Justice and Righteousness' constituted a female moral paragon since Shin Liu's Lieh-Nu Chuan was published. The spirit of Chieh-Lieh was, then, swing between open and conservation in Wei, Chin, Lio-Chau, Sui, and Tang Dynasties. As Lee-Shyue bloomed in Song Dynasty, relationships between monarch and officials, father and son, as well as husband and wife were firmly constructed. Those constructed relationships unveiled the serve moral requirements for public, especial for female, in those battled and oscillated age. Nevertheless, in the Hu and Han's sovereignty interlaced four hundred years, how different race female settled and placed herself and how could they fulfill the family requirements and social expectations, especial satisfy their own hopes, were seldom studied. Author explored how Liao and Chin female merged into the traditional moral principle – 'Being faithful to one husband all her life, even after she is divorced or in widowhood' from race, rank, convention, law and marriage view points. The spread stream of Chieh-Lieh from noble-women to public-women denoted in Lieh-Nu Chua was, then, presented. With considering an ancient female education situation, author evaluated how female education, sole majored in poet and history, promoted female selfhood expectation family paragon and Jen-Lieh spirit. Those might cause female being selh-injured or suicided for 'faithful to ones husband' in succession. Finally, some historical development and historian value-oriented vision in those days was studied to describe how the male-dominated historical materials and thesis affected female historical images. Those influences, also, educated the women in continued dynasties to comply with Chieh-Lieh and achieved the monarch education objective. Those concluded Liao, Chin and Yuan Dynasties were the most critical period in Chinese history while the tender and milder female Chieh-Lieh view became server intensive.