詞義的約定俗成與隱喻性：以跨模式詞彙促發作業探討隱喻多義詞之心理處理歷程

Conventionalization of Lexical Meanings and the Role of Metaphoricity: Processing of Metaphorical Polysemy Using a Cross-modal Lexical Priming Task

已往的詞彙歧義研究雖常探討詞義的相對頻率對其在偏向語境中解歧的影響，但卻較少注意不同類型歧義詞之區分或詞義本身語意性質（如：字面義或隱喻義）與其約定俗成程度的影響；過去實驗中大多使用以具體意義為主要意義的實驗材料，忽略了以抽象意義為主要意義的詞彙。本研究聚焦於中文裡同時具字面義與隱喻義的多義詞，藉由 線上跨模式詞彙促發作業，檢驗字面義強勢詞彙（即含有強勢字面詞義與次要隱喻詞義的多義詞，如「廢物」：‘失去原有使用價值的東西；比喻沒有用的人’）與隱喻義強勢詞彙（即含有強勢隱喻詞義與次要字面詞義的多義詞，如「角度」：‘兩直線或平面相交所形成的空間；比喻觀察特定事件的觀點’）在偏向字面義、偏向隱喻義及中性語境中的意義激發模式。結果發現，字面義強勢詞彙的兩詞義無論語境偏向為何皆被激發，而隱喻義強勢詞彙只有隱喻義在相容語境中被激發。本文於是就字面義與隱喻義約定俗成程度之不同，以及此二類詞彙意義激發的時間進程，討論實驗結果。

Decades of lexical ambiguity research has rigorously studied effects of relative sense frequency on sense disambiguation in biased contexts, while fundamental semantic issues such as distinction of different types of ambiguities, or influences from lexical meanings' semantic nature (e.g., literal or metaphorical) as well as these meanings' degrees of conventionalization, have received less attention. In particular, while previous experimental works tend to focus on stimuli having dominant concrete meanings, a large amount of words having dominant abstract meanings are overlooked. This study focused on lexemes that contain related literal and metaphorical senses (i.e., metaphorical polysemies) in Mandarin Chinese, and examined meaning activation patterns of literal-dominant lexemes (having dominant literal senses and subordinate metaphorical senses, e.g.,廢物 feiwu 'waste; a good-for-nothing') and metaphor-dominant lexemes (having dominant metaphorical senses and subordinate literal senses, e.g.,角度 jiaodu 'spatial angle; viewpoint') in literally-biased, metaphorically-biased, and control neutral contexts in an online cross-modal lexical priming task. While both senses of literal-dominant lexemes appeared to be accessed regardless of contextual bias, only metaphorical senses of metaphor-dominant lexemes showed signs of activation in compatible contexts. The results are discussed in terms of influences from different degrees of conventionalization of literal and metaphorical senses as well as time course of meaning activation for these two types of lexemes.