明末清初戲文中閩南語指示詞＋樣式類別詞／計量詞構式的演變：從指示詞到程度加強副詞

The Development of Southern Min Demonstratives + Type Classifier/Quantifier Construction in Late Ming and Early Qing Texts: From Demonstratives to Intensifiers

本文探討明末清初閩南語戲文中近指遠指指示詞＋樣式詞／計量詞構式。Hur2「許」／tsi2「只」和 iunn7「樣」形成獨特的構式，反映一系列的句法、語義、音韻、語用的特徵。合音詞 hiunn3「向」、tsiunn3「障」一旦產生，原有的樣式義就會淡化掉，消失的樣式義由新起樣式詞 puann1「般」、sinn1「生」、ni5「年」填補，新起的語式hiunn3 puann1「向般」／sinn1「生」／ni5「年」或 tsiunn3 puann1「障般」／sinn1「生」／ni5「年」反映葉氏循環現象，這裡合音詞造成如下的演變，指示詞＋樣式類別詞變成程度加強詞，用來修飾程度形容詞，或蛻變成具有篇章功能的照應詞，另一個合音詞tsuah4「拙」由 tsi2「只」和 ua7「夥」（「一些」）合音而成。「拙」的數量義淡化之後，就可轉為程度加強詞，這又是葉氏循環的一例。本文末尾指出，指示詞＋樣式詞／計量詞的構式也反映時代層次和次方言變異現象。

This paper explores the change in constructions featuring proximal/distal demonstratives + type classifier/ quantifier attested in Southern Min playscripts published in the late Ming and early Qing. Hur2 許 / tsi2 只 and iunn7 樣 form particular constructions that have a range of features in syntax, semantics, phonology, and pragmatics. The sense of type is depleted when fusional words hiunn3 向 and tsiunn3 障 are formed. The missing sense of type can be refurbished by new type classifiers such as puann1 般, sinn1 生, and ni5 年. The newly emerging hiunn3 puann1/sinn1/ni5 向般/生/年 or tsiunn3 puann1/sinn1/ni5 障般/生/年 reflects the phenomenon of Jespersen’s Cycle. The new function of the fusional words led to the change of determiner + classifier to intensifier as a modifier of scalar adjectives or anaphors with discourse function. Another fusional word, tsuah4 拙, results from the fusion of tsi2 只 and ua7 夥, denoting ‘many’ tsuah4 拙, and takes on the function of intensifier when its quantity sense is depleted. This is also a reflection of Jespersen’s Cycle. This paper concludes that the demonstrative + type classifier/quantifier construction exhibits chronological strata and subdialectal variation.