上海話「伊講」的語法化

The Evolution of Pi23kã34 (‘he says’) in Shanghainese

本文對上海話「伊講」多種用法之間的語法化路徑進行了分析描述。我們認為，在直引小句的基礎上，「伊講」通過信息來源的模糊化，在句末的位置發展出了報告性的用法，並最終與之前的小句相結合從而演變為一個句末助詞，用以表達說話者的主觀評價。在其最近的發展中，「伊講」更提升至主題標記的位置並具有表達「反預期」意義的功能。「伊講」語法化的整個過程可作如下描述：直引小句→報告小句→句末助詞→主題標記。該語法化路徑不僅與 Hopper (1991, 1996) 所預測的語法化原則相一致，更有助於對跨語言間相似現象的分析，因而具有理論上的優越性和實用性。

This paper presents a novel analysis of the grammaticalization path of the various uses of Pi23kã34 (‘he says’) in modern Shanghainese. We propose that Pi23kã34 originated from a quotative clause, then developed its reportative use by making the source of information obscure (in the sentence-final position), and finally integrated with the proposition to form a modal particle indicative of the speaker’s subjective evaluation. Recently, Pi23kã34 has been raised to topic position to serve as a topic-marking function; specifically, one that expresses a counter-expectation meaning. The whole process can be chronologized as follows: quotative clause > reportative clause > modal particle > topic-marking particle. Such a path is considered to be elegant and practical since not only do the stages involved gracefully follow the principles of grammaticalization as delineated by Hopper (1991, 1996), but it is also helpful for the analysis of similar patterns across languages.