從被動句看「這本書的出版」

Looking at Passives Sentences through zhe ben shu de chuban

本文主要考察被動名詞短語「這本書的出版」的內部結構。首先我們論證「這本書的出版」是一個被動句，其主要證據有：「這本書的出版」中的「出版」經歷了一個作格化的過程；「這本書的出版」與直接短被動句和新型非典被動句在「施事不能出現」方面所表現出的相似性；在與時間（地點）狀語的交換作用上，「這本書的出版」與直接短被動句和新型非典被動句所表現出的平行性；助詞「的」在「這本書的出版」中不能與「被」共現。我們認為，「這本書的出版」中的「的」類似於漢藏語系中強調受事型被動句中的格助詞和其他一些形態比較發達語言裡的被動標記（如土耳其語中的被動標記 -il 和作為班圖語分支的紹納語中的被動標記 -w）。在此基礎上，我們假定被動結構「這本書的出版」再與一個空的限定詞 D 合併形成一個 DP 短語從而使得整個結構具有名詞性。我們的分析是在句子層面實現名物化，而不是在動詞短語層面實現名物化。在整個投射過程中，「出版」的動詞詞性自始至終沒有改變，這可以解釋為什麼方式狀語「及時」可以修飾「出版」，因為方式狀語修飾的是 VP 層；此外，我們還可以解釋為什麼體標記「著、了、過」及用來輔助表示體貌的一些時間副詞「正在」、「已經」不能出現在這個結構中，因為該結構中沒有表示體貌的 AspectP 層。

This article tries to explore the internal structure of zhe ben shu de chuban (this book’s publication). First we argue that zhe ben shu de chuban is a passive sentence. The evidence lies in the fact that: (a) chuban ‘publish’ has undergone ergativization as a verb in a passive sentence; (b) the Agent cannot be inserted in zhe ben shu de chuban, as in direct short passives (Huang 1999, Tang 2001) and new Non-Canonical passives (Huang 2011); (c) there is some parallelism between zhe ben shu de chuban and direct short passives (new Non-Canonical passives) in the interactions with adverbials of time (location); (d) de cannot co-occur with the passive marker bei in zhe ben shu de chuban. Given the above parallelism, we assume that zhe ben shu de chuban is a passive sentence and de behaves the same way as an auxiliary in emphatic theme passive sentences in some Sino-Tibetan languages or a passive marker in some morphologically rich languages (such as the passive marker -il in Turkish or -w in Shona (a kind of Bantu language)). If zhe ben shu de chuban is really a passive sentence, following Kayne (1994), Simpson (2001) an covert D(eterminer) is further assumed to merge with it, forming a DP and deriving the nominal property of the whole construction. It is proposed that zhe ben shu de chuban is nominalized at the sentential level, but not at the VP level (cf. Chomsky 1970). In the derivation, the verbal properties of chuban ‘publish’ stays unchanged, which explains why adverbials of manner such as jishi ‘immediately’ can be inserted into the structure. The reason why aspect markers zhe, liao, guo and some aspect-denoting adverbials of time such as zhengzai ‘being on’, yijing ‘already’ cannot occur in zhe ben shu de chuban is because there is no AspectP projection involved in it.