基於語料庫分析馬來語空間概念「裡面」－－以Di、Dalam 和Di Dalam 為例

Investigating Di, Dalam, and Di Dalam ‘In(side)’ in Standard Malaysian Malay Using Corpus Data

同一空間概念在馬來西亞標準馬來語裡可以出現三種形式－－[方位詞]、[關係名詞] 以及 [方位詞＋關係名詞]。本文旨在探討 di、dalam 和 di dalam 三種形式在表達同一概念（空間概念「裡面」）的異同。此三種形式在辭典的定義高度重疊，但僅有少數前人研究辨析差異。本文採用橫組合和縱聚合兩種研究方法，深入查閱此三個形式於大型語料庫的鄰近名詞。研究結果發現此三種形式的確有語意上細微的差異，如：廣泛／指定位置、慣用搭配名詞等。

In Standard Malaysian Malay, a prepositional concept can be expressed in three forms: [Locative], [Relational Noun] or [Locative + Relational Noun]. In this study, we focus on di, dalam, and di dalam, all of which mean ‘in(side)’ (di also means ‘at’). Most previous studies on Malay have detailed the meanings of one or more prepositions, while only a few have discussed the presence or absence of elements in some of these different forms. Rarely have they focused on distinguishing meaning differences between di, dalam, and the combination di dalam using quantitative measures. In the prestigious Malay dictionary Kamus Dewan, the meanings of di, dalam, and di dalam show a good deal of overlap. The dictionary definitions are circular ─ the definition of di overlaps with dalam; the word dalam is used to define di; and di dalam is used to define dalam. This paper claims that it is important to investigate the collocates of these three forms, as they reflect high semantic closeness yet with subtle differences. No previous work has looked into the neighboring nouns of di, dalam, and di dalam in a large corpus. This study employs both syntagmatic analysis, which tests the plausibility of using each of the three forms with similar nouns, and paradigmatic analysis, which identifies the groups of nouns that may appear after each form. The results show that all three forms differ in most of their collocates and that each form might depict locations that are general or specific.