馬來語多重前綴的邊緣完整性

Edge Integrity in Malay Multiple Prefixes

本文探討馬來語的多重前綴加接，在前綴之間的邊界對鼻音替代規律的阻擋現象。學界對該語言廣泛的觀察認為，鼻音替代規律是解決鼻音與無聲子音音串普遍使用的方法。從 DBP-UKM (The Institute of Language and Literature–National University of Malaysia) 語料庫的觀察顯示，鼻音替代規律只針對出現在名詞性多重前綴的音串， 如 /pəŋ+pər+kaja+an/ → [pə.mər.ka.ja.Ɂan]｀豐富＇。然而，此規律卻在動詞性多重前綴加接時受到阻擋，如 /məŋ+pər+kuat+kan/ → [məm.pər.ku.wat.kan]｀使成為強壯＇。先前對馬來語的研究常將鼻音替代規律未能應用在動詞性多重前綴加接的情形視為例外。在本文中我將論證鼻音與無聲子音音串在這種情況下的出現並非例外。我提出馬來語有並存的共同音韻，亦即對不同的構詞範疇有不同的制約排序，而 *NC̥ 制約的遵守只針對名詞前綴，而非動詞前綴。對 *NC̥ 制約的違反是由於受制於構詞的音韻制約，亦即對完整構詞成分需具備邊緣完整性的要求。透過應用共同音韻，我指出名詞性與動詞性兩種多重前綴具有相同的制約組，但在階層中卻有不同的地位。

This paper discusses the blocking of nasal substitution at prefix-prefix boundary in Malay multiple prefixation. It has widely been observed that nasal substitution is the regular solution to resolve nasal-voiceless obstruent clusters in the language. Observation from the DBP-UKM (The Institute of Language and Literature–National University of Malaysia) corpus shows that the clusters are resolved by nasal substitution in nominal multiple prefixes only, as in /pəŋ+pər+kaja+an/ → [pə.mər.ka.ja.Ɂan] ‘enrichment’. It is however blocked in verbal multiple prefixes, as in /məŋ+pər+kuat+kan/ → [məm.pər.ku.wat.kan] ‘to cause to be strong’. In previous Malay studies, the non-application of nasal substitution in verbal multiple prefixes is often considered as exceptional. In this paper, I argue that the occurrence of nasal and voiceless obstruent clusters is not an exceptional case. I propose that Malay has co-existent co-phonology, i.e. different constraint rankings for different morphological categories which mean that *NC̥ is obeyed in nominal prefixes but not in verbal prefixes. The violation of *NC̥ is due to a morphologically conditioned phonology constraint i.e. edge integrity that requires the integrity of the morphological constituent. By applying co-phonology, I shall show that both nominal and verbal multiple prefixes have the same set of constraints, but that they are differently ranked in the hierarchy.