中文語氣／時貌標誌「個」的構詞句法分析

Towards a Morphosyntactic Analysis of Mandarin Mood/Aspect Marker ge

本篇文章給中文淡化語氣助詞「個」提供了新的描述上和理論上的解釋。之前的研究並未討論其附著詞的地位。本文結合並拓展 Yang (2001) 對中文未附著在數詞上的類別詞的附著詞的分析，提出一個構詞句法分析，根據此分析，助詞「個」是由構詞模板 [VP V-(Xσ)-個-YP[+N]] 所規範的。這個模板和一些規範內部詞綴（比如「得」）的構詞模板極為相似。這些發現顯示我們需要更新 Klavans (1982, 1985) 和 Anderson (1992, 2005) 所提出的附著詞是「詞組的詞綴」的理論。此外，此分析支持 Aronoff (1994) 的構詞獨立於句法之外的看法，也支持 Chomsky（2000 及其後的著作）的呼應理論，因為該架構容許構詞的組合在句法的組合之後發生。

This paper provides a novel descriptive and theoretical account for the ‘down-play’ mood marker ge in Mandarin Chinese. One essential property that is not covered by previous studies is its clitic status. Incorporating and enhancing Yang’s (2001) clitic treatment of numeral-less classifiers, I propose a morphosyntactic analysis that identifies the morphological-template for the mood marker ge - [VP V-(Xσ)-ge-YP[+N]]. It is shown that this template is quite similar to the morphological template for internal affixes like -de- in Chinese. These findings suggest an updated treatment of clitics as ‘phrasal affixes’ (Klavans 1982, 1985, Anderson 1992, 2005). Furthermore, it supports Aronoff’s (1994) treatment of morphology as an independent component in grammar, and Chomsky’s (2000 et seq.) Agree framework, which allows syntactic operations to apply before morphological operations.