上古漢語的使動化 *s- 前綴、名物化 *-s 後綴及其相關問題

The Causative *s- and Nominalizing *-s in Old Chinese and Related Matters in Proto-Sino-Tibetan

本文說明上古漢語承繼了原始漢藏語的使動化 *s- 前綴以及名物化 *-s後綴。(1) 上古漢語的清濁別義導源於使動化 *s- 前綴的清化作用，例如“敗＂*brads｀自破曰敗＇／“敗＂*prads｀破他曰敗＇更早是“敗＂*brads/“敗＂*s-brads > *prads。(2) 漢語的去聲來自 *-s 後綴，而上古漢語的去聲別義承繼了 *-s 後綴的名物化功用。漢語 量平 *grjang（動詞） ／ 量去 *grjangs（名詞）藏文 ‘grang-ba｀計算＇ / grangs｀數目＇(3) 上古漢語的去聲別義也承繼了原始漢藏語 *-s 後綴標誌既事式（過去時）的功用。上古漢語“張平＂*trjang｀施弓弦也＇／“脹去＂*trjangs｀脹滿＇說明平聲的“張＂是動詞，去聲的“脹＂是“張平＂的既事式。

This paper shows that the causative *s- prefix and the nominalizing *-s suffix are both present in Proto-Sino-Tibetan. (1) In particular, it shows that Old Chinese voicing alternation in intransitive/transitive verbs, e.g. 敗 *brads ‘ruined, defeated’ / 敗 *prads ‘to ruin, to defeat’, is due to the devoicing effect of the causative *sprefix: *s-brads > *prads. (2) The *-s suffix generally had a nominalizing function, where the derived noun is the patient of the action represented by the verb. In Modern Chinese this suffix is now reflected in the ‘departing’ tone, which confirms Haudricourt’s theory that the ‘departing’ tone came from the *-s suffix. For example OC *grjang 量平 ‘to measure’ : *grangs 量去 ‘a measure’ :: WT ‘grang-ba ‘to number, to count’ : grangs ‘a number’. (3) It is well known that the reflexes of the *-s suffix mark the perfective in many Tibeto-Burman languages, including Written Tibetan. In Old Chinese the pair 張平 *trjang ‘to stretch, extend’ / 脹去 *trjangs ‘to be stretched, distended’ illustrates the alternation between verb and perfect of verb.