南島語中的「和」及「跟」：句法、語意及語用

AND and WITH Conjunctive Strategies in Some Austronesian Languages: Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

本文探討數個分屬於不同分群下之南島語的名詞組連接策略，這些策略包括 (i) 使用「和」的並列結構，(ii) 使用「跟」的伴同結構，以及 (iii) 包含式部件關係結構，此結構為名詞組連接策略的一個次型。從以下兩方面而言，本文中所探討的大多數語言似乎為「和」及「跟」語言的混合型：(i)「跟」的伴同結構也可被用來作為標示「和」並列結構的一種策略 (Stassen 2003)；(ii) 這些語言用不同的詞素來標記「和」及「跟」的名詞組連接結構。本文試圖描述當一個語言在選擇名詞組連接策略時會有的語法限制、以及語義和語用的特徵。我們發現，從結構及語用的顯著性而言，「和」型連接在結構上是對稱的，相對地，「跟」型連接和部件關係結構則較為不對稱。我們也發現，那些使用不同策略或詞素來表達「和」及「跟」的語言，其「跟」型連接分布較為受限，且帶有不同的語意特徵。

This article investigates the competing NP conjunctive strategies displayed by a sample of Austronesian languages belonging to different subgroups. The strategies are (i) AND conjunction, (ii) comitative WITH conjunction, and (iii) inclusorymeronymic constructions, analyzed as a subtype of NP conjunctive strategy. Most languages of the sample appear to be mixed AND and WITH languages in two senses: (i) their WITH conjunctive strategy is also used as an AND strategy (Stassen 2003), or (ii) they use both AND and WITH conjunctive strategies with two distinct morphemes (as in some Formosan languages). The analysis seeks to delineate the syntactic constraints, the semantic and pragmatic features at work in the choice of strategies. It will be shown that if ANDconjunction is structurally symmetrical, WITH-conjunction and meronymic constructions are more asymmetrical, both structurally and in terms of pragmatic saliency. For languages using distinct AND and WITH strategies and morphemes, the distribution of WITH conjunctions is more restricted in terms of conjoined categories, and carry different semantic features.