再論古南島語「二」以及相關議題

Reconstruction of ‘2’ in PAN and Related Issues

Blust (1998, 2003, 2009) proposes to reconstruct two sets of numerals in PAN: the first is said to be underived and used for serial counting; the second is derived from the first through Ca- reduplication and is used to count humans. The aim of the present paper is to reassess the reconstruction of numerals from 20-90 in PAN and discuss the use of Ca- reduplication as a primary device to indicate a human distinction at the PAN level. We argue that in the Formosan languages, there is a dichotomy between two sets of numeral forms, i.e. free vs. bound numerals; both sets must be reconstructed in PAN. Under 10, all numerals are free forms; bound and free numerals may occur together to form higher numerals. This hypothesis leads us to reassess the formation of numerals from 20-90 in PAN. While Blust (1998, 2003, 2009) proposes to reconstruct *ma-puSaN as ‘20’, we show that *puSa- should actually be reconstructed as a bound form meaning ‘2’ equivalent to the free form *duSa. It combines with PAN *ma- ‘multiple of tens’ and *-N ‘recurrence’ as *ma-puSa-N ‘20’. A similar pattern applies to all numerals up to 90. We further show that the core meaning of Ca- reduplication is iterativity but has extended into marking plurality. Ca- reduplication can be used to indicate [+human] in numerals from 1-9 but this feature might be treated as an epiphenomenon of plural marking.

Blust (1998, 2003, 2009) 認為應該在古南島語構擬兩套數詞系統：一套為未附加詞綴形式，專門用於數數；另一套則衍生於第一套，透過 Ca- 重疊，用於數人。本文旨在重新探討古南島語20-90 的構擬，並重新思考在古南島語數詞系統中，Ca- 重疊之核心語意為區分計算人或非人之可行性。我們主張，台灣南島語有兩套不同且須被構擬於古南島語的數詞系統：自由式和附著式的數詞。10 之下的所有數詞為自由式；10 以上的數詞則可同時由自由式和附著式的數詞構成。這個假設讓我們重新分析古南島語20-90之構詞方式。Blust (1998, 2003, 2009) 構擬 *ma-puSaN 為古南島語的 ‘20’，而我們認為 *puSa- 應分析為 ‘2’，是 *duSa 的附著式對應；puSa- 和古南島語*ma-「十倍數」和 *-N「反覆」構成 *ma-puSa-N ‘20’。同樣的模式可說明其他數詞（從30 至90）的衍生方式。我們進一步說明 Ca- 重疊的核心語意為「反覆」，後被延伸用於標註「複數」。雖然 Ca- 重疊可以用來構成計算人的2-9 數詞，但是這個特徵應該來自於「複數」的延伸。