論梗攝開口字在共同閩語中的演變與層次

Development and Strata Analysis of Geng She Unrounded Cognates in Proto-Min

在 Norman (1981) 共同閩語韻母的構擬裡，他為共同閩語的梗攝開口字重建了以下的形式 *-aŋ（生坑井）/*-ak（客），*-iaŋ（聽驚命）/*-iak（壁）。基本上，Norman 用以構擬的材料是沒有問題的，結果也可信。不過觀察以上擬音，我們認為仍有幾個地方需要深入探討。首先，以中古音的架構而言，梗攝開口字包括梗二（庚二、耕二）、梗三（庚三、清三）與梗四（青）共五類。Norman 的擬音只包括以上四類，有必要增加材料作更全面的觀察。其次，閩語由於歷史形成的因素，語言層次相當豐富。若把上述擬音放入中古音架構，則梗攝開口字韻母有二、三等同形與三、四等同形的表現，這一現象該如何理解？有沒有其他跨等第同形的表現？這些形式彼此間孰先孰後？它們與漢語音韻史的關係為何？凡此都必須進一步探究。基於上述理由，本文利用比較方法，利用目前豐富的閩語方言材料（包括閩東、閩南等），說明下列課題：(1) 重建梗攝開口字在共同閩語及其次位方言的早期形式，從而探討中古梗攝字在閩語中的演變。(2) 根據音韻規則運作的先後次序，具體說明梗攝二三四等同形 (*-aŋ) 與三四等同形 (*-iaŋ) 的相對關係。(3) 最後我們將參考既有的漢語音韻史的知識，說明閩語各個層次可能的絕對時間。

Norman’s reconstructions, obtained through the comparative method, are accurate and have led to several articles devoted to the study of the pronunciation and reconstruction of the Geng She cognates. There are, however, still several problems that should be addressed. First, from the perspective of Middle Chinese, Geng She consists of Geng division II (which includes 庚gēng and 耕gēng), Geng division III (including 庚gēng and 清qīng) and Geng division IV (青qīng). Norman’s research was restricted to the four forms available to him at that time. In light of new data, his analysis should be re-examined. Second, there are many strata within the Min dialect. Note that Geng divisions II and III share the same forms; Geng divisions III and IV also share the same forms. If this observation is valid, there follow some questions: How do we explain such phenomena? Which form was the earliest? How do we evaluate the relative chronology of these forms? This article has three purposes: (1) to reconstruct the primary forms of Geng She unrounded cognates in Proto-Min and its reflexes in daughter dialects, and to explore the shift that occurred in the Min dialects; (2) to explain the relative timeline of different strata on the basis of rule order; and (3) to speculate on an absolute chronology for the different strata within Min by contrasting synchronic data against Chinese historical phonology.