非常規性實踐的性別化態度：男「性」特權、性別分工和婚家體制的角色

Gendered Attitudes Toward Non-Conforming Sexual Practices in Taiwan: The Impacts of Male Sexual Privileges, Sexual Division of Labor, and Familism

台灣民眾是否對婚外性、同居、同性戀等非常規性實踐抱持不同態度？其中是否蘊涵性別差異？又與哪些因素有關？本文運用「2012台灣社會變遷調查：六期三次性別組」來回答前述問題，並發現：國人對非常規性實踐的開放度，由高至低是同居、同性戀和婚外性。其中，男女對同居的態度無顯著差異，但男性的婚外性開放度顯著高於女性，女性的同性戀開放度則顯著高於男性。接著，男「性」特權、傳統性別分工以及傳統婚家體制等三組假設皆部分說明非常規性實踐的性別化態度。在婚外性開放度上，男「性」特權假設獲得廣泛支持，傳統性別分工和傳統婚家體制假設的支持相對有限。在同性戀開放度上，三套假設皆獲得驗證。由於男「性」特權有效說明婚外性的性別化態度，加以男性較低的同性戀開放度，因此，如何鬆動異性戀常規性成為促進台灣性／別多元的關鍵。

This study investigates whether Taiwanese men and women demonstrate different attitudes toward non-conforming sexual practices such as extramarital sex permissiveness (EMS), cohabitation and homosexuality, and examines the mechanisms that shape these gendered attitudes. Using the 2012 Taiwan Social Change Survey, this study presents the following major findings. First, cohabitation is the most accepted non- conforming sex in Taiwan, then homosexuality, and EMS as the least accepted. Furthermore, men and women share a similar attitude toward cohabitation; however, they display opposite attitudes toward EMS and homosexuality; i e. Taiwanese men are more approving of EMS and disapproving of homosexuality, and vice versa for women. Finally, the gendered attitudes toward non-conforming sex are partially resulted from male sexual privileges, sexual division of labor, and familism. Male sexual privileges are the strong links between sex and EMS permissiveness. In addition, gendered attitudes toward homosexuality are substantially explained by male sexual privileges, sexual division of labor, and familism. As male sexual privileges underline men's acceptance of EMS, and men are less likely to accept homosexuality, changing heteronormativity is an essential approach to achieve gender equality.