結構和詞匯語義之互動：論台灣閩南語多義詞“激” 及其同類詞 “佯”、“裝”、“假”

Interface between Construction and Lexical Semantics: A Case Study of the Polysemous Word kek4 激 and its Congeners tin3 佯, chng1 裝 and ke2 假 in Taiwanese Southern Min

語義成分豐富而多樣，句法位置卻極為有限，無法全然納入其中。因此概念結構中設定的成分有些可以出現於前景中，有些必須隱藏於背景中。台灣閩南語多義詞 “激” 正好可以闡明這點。乍看之下，“激” 出現的動賓句法格式呈現語義的繁複性，但是透過動詞和賓語的協同組合可以化解出一套更精簡的語義角色：即（1）客體，（2）終點（又作創造物），（3）處所，（4）經驗者。為了簡化主要動詞的語義，我們將動詞 “激” 做較寬的設定，對賓語給與更精緻而豐富的刻劃（Pustejovsky 1991, 1995），從而導出動賓結構的語義。除了動賓式外，“激” 還發展出其他的句式，如動補式、兼語式、帶子句補語的複雜式等。本文對動詞的語義做較寬的設定，進而論證，句子的語義部分得自於結構本身。“激” 所引發的句式中有一種表示假裝的句式特別引人入勝。這種延伸的用法在其他同類動詞如 “佯”、“裝”、“假” 也可以觀察得到，本文也將一併詳論。

Elements in meaning are so rich and varied that language cannot accommodate all of them in its grammatical representation since there are only a limited number of syntactic positions available on the surface. Thus, some elements posited in the conceptual structure will emerge and be foregrounded, while other elements will be hidden and backgrounded. The polysemous word kek4 激 in Taiwanese Southern Min is a case in point. The VO syntactic frame in which it occurs shows seemingly rich semantic diversification. Nevertheless, a much simpler repertoire of semantic roles deployed in the sentence can be arrived at through co-composition of the verb and its object, and the semantic roles involved are (1) theme, (2) goal (viz. creation), (3) location and (4) experiencer. Besides the VO construction, kek4 激 has developed more syntactic frames: the verb-complement construction, the pivotal construction, and the complex construction with a sentential complement. We can claim on the underspecification of verb meaning that grammatical constructions partially contribute meaning to the sentence in question. Especially interesting among the extended constructions is the one expressing the ‘pretend’ sense which can also be found in the extended use of such verbs as tin3 佯, chng1 裝, and ke2 假, to be examined in detail as well.