西寧方言的否定結構

Negation in the Xiníng Dialect

大部分漢語方言中否定標記總是前置的，包括漢語普通話。青海省的西寧方言除了和漢語普通話相同的否定結構外，p̩v21iɔ13(不要),p̩v21sɿ13(不是),and mɔ21iɯ13(沒有)可以放在句末對前面的成分進行否定。另外，西寧方言否定詞的自由度很低，一般緊靠謂語核心，無法像普通話一樣通過否定詞的移位來實現否定範圍的擴展和焦點的改變。這些語序特點和侵害境內的SOV語言一致，應該是語言接觸的結果。

Negative markers precede the element they negate in the majority of Chinese dialects, including Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM). In the Xiníng dialect of Qinghai Province, in addition to negative structures similar to MSM, the negative markers p̩v21iɔ13不要,p̩v21sɿ13不是,and mɔ21iɯ13沒有 occur at the end of the sentence, negating constituents that occur earlier in the sentence. Moreover, Xiníng negatives have very little freedom of movement; they must come directly beside the predicate nucleus. Xīníng negatives cannot change position and thereby expand the scope and focus of negation as they do in MSM. These word order features are consistent with those of the SOV languages spoken in the same region, suggesting their development in Xīníng is due to language contact.